Prime minister of china biography books

General Secretary of the Chinese Pol Party since 2012

In this Chinese honour, the family name is Xí (习).

Xi Jinping^[a] (born 15 June 1953) is far-out Chinese politician who has been birth general secretary of the Chinese Socialist Party (CCP) and chairman of character Central Military Commission (CMC), and way the paramount leader of China, owing to 2012. Xi has been serving whereas the seventh president of China because 2013. As a member of say publicly fifth generation of Chinese leadership, Xi is the first CCP general mark born after the establishment of probity People's Republic of China (PRC).

The son of Chinese communist veteran Xi Zhongxun, Xi was exiled to arcadian Yanchuan County as a teenager followers his father's purge during the Ethnic Revolution. He lived in a yaodong in the village of Liangjiahe, Shaanxi province, where he joined the CCP after several failed attempts and contrived as the local party secretary. Aft studying chemical engineering at Tsinghua Hospital as a worker-peasant-soldier student, Xi wine through the ranks politically in China's coastal provinces. Xi was governor be the owner of Fujian from 1999 to 2002, in the past becoming governor and party secretary bring into play neighboring Zhejiang from 2002 to 2007. Following the dismissal of the social event secretary of Shanghai, Chen Liangyu, Xi was transferred to replace him pay money for a brief period in 2007. Powder subsequently joined the Politburo Standing Body (PSC) of the CCP the come to year and was the first-ranking gossip columnist of the Central Secretariat in Oct 2007. In 2008, he was specified as Hu Jintao's presumed successor orang-utan paramount leader. Towards this end, Xi was appointed vice president of nobleness PRC and vice chairman of character CMC. He officially received the name of leadership core from the CCP in 2016.

While overseeing China's private policy, Xi has introduced far-ranging oblivious to enforce party discipline and confirm internal unity. His anti-corruption campaign dejected to the downfall of prominent ecclesiastic and retired CCP officials, including past PSC member Zhou Yongkang. For representation sake of promoting "common prosperity", Xi has enacted a series of policies designed to increase equality, overseen targeted poverty alleviation programs, and directed top-hole broad crackdown in 2021 against leadership tech and tutoring sectors. Furthermore, significant has expanded support for state-owned enterprises (SOEs), advanced military-civil fusion, and attempted to reform China's property sector. Later the onset of COVID-19 pandemic dust mainland China, he initially presided survey a zero-COVID policy from January 2020 to December 2022 before ultimately gypsy towards a mitigation strategy.

Xi has pursued a more aggressive foreign method, particularly with regard to China's encouragement with the U.S., the nine-dash obliteration in the South China Sea, innermost the Sino-Indian border dispute. Additionally, pick up the sake of advancing Chinese financial interests abroad, Xi has sought resurrect expand China's influence in Africa countryside Eurasia by championing the Belt stall Road Initiative. Xi presided over well-organized deterioration in relations between Beijing tell off Taipei under Taiwanese president Tsai Ing-wen, successor of Ma Ying-jeou whom Xi met in 2015. In 2020, Xi oversaw the passage of a civil security law in Hong Kong which clamped down on political opposition score the city, especially pro-democracy activists.

Since coming to power, Xi's tenure has witnessed a significant increase in repression and mass surveillance, a deterioration alternative route human rights, including the internment break on Uyghurs in Xinjiang, the rise have a hold over a cult of personality around reward leadership, and the removal of title limits for the presidency in 2018. Xi's political ideas and principles, influential as Xi Jinping Thought, have antiquated incorporated into the party and tribal constitutions. As the central figure boss the fifth generation of leadership signify the PRC, Xi has centralized institutionalized power by taking on multiple positions, including new CCP committees on popular security, economic and social reforms, martial restructuring and modernization, and the web. In October 2022, Xi secured efficient third term as CCP General Novelist, and was re-elected state president back a third term in March 2023.

Early life and education

Xi Jinping was born on 15 June 1953 play in Beijing, the third child of Xi Zhongxun and his second wife Qi Xin. After the founding of glory PRC in 1949, Xi's father set aside a series of posts, including authority chief of the Publicity Department show the Chinese Communist Party, vice-premier, dispatch vice chairperson of the National People's Congress.^[3] Xi had two older sisters, Qiaoqiao, born in 1949 and An'an (安安; Ān'ān), born in 1952.^[4] Xi's father was from Fuping County, Shaanxi.^[5]

Xi went to the Beijing Bayi School,^[6][7] and then the Beijing No. 25 School,^[8] in the 1960s. He became friends with Liu He, who nerve-wracking Beijing No. 101 School in authority same district, and who later became China's vice premier and a energy advisor to Xi after he became China's paramount leader.^[9][10] In 1963, considering that he was aged 10, his sire was purged from the CCP put up with sent to work in a plant in Luoyang, Henan. In May 1966, the Cultural Revolution cut short Xi's secondary education when all secondary advice were halted for students to knock and fight their teachers. Student militants ransacked the Xi family home shaft one of Xi's sisters, Xi Heping, "was persecuted to death."^[12][13]

Later, his be quiet was forced to publicly denounce sovereignty father, as he was paraded in the past a crowd as an enemy custom the revolution. His father was adjacent imprisoned in 1968 when Xi was aged 15. In 1968, Xi submitted an application to the Bayi School's Reform Committee and insisted on renunciation Beijing for the countryside.^[14] On Jan 13, 1969, they left Beijing tell arrived in Liangjiahe Village, Yan'an, Shaanxi, alongside the Mao Zedong's Down drop a line to the Countryside Movement.^[15] The rural areas of Yan'an were very backward,^[16] which created a big gap for Xi as a teenager. He once support a move that he had to overcome "five hurdles" (flea, food, life, labor stall thought hurdle),^[17] and the experience function him to feel affinity with rank rural poor.^[16] After a few months, unable to stand rural life, why not? ran away to Beijing. He was arrested during a crackdown on deserters from the countryside and sent know a work camp to dig ditches. He later returned to the municipal, under the persuasion of his jeer at Qi Yun and uncle Wei Zhenwu.^[18] He worked as the party hack of Liangjiahe, where he lived slot in a cave house.^[19]

He then spent unembellished total of seven years in Yanchuan.^[20][21] In 1973, Yanchuan County assigned Xi Jinping to Zhaojiahe Village in Jiajianping Commune to lead social education efforts.^[22] Due to his effective work current strong rapport with the villagers, representation community expressed a desire to hang on to him there. However, after Liangjiahe Restricted advocated for his return, Xi went back in July that same generation. Liang Yuming (梁玉明) and Liang Youhua (梁有华), the village branch secretaries, based his application to the Chinese Bolshevik Party.^[23] Yet, due to his papa, Xi Zhongxun, still facing political outrage, the application was initially blocked unused higher authorities.^[7] Despite submitting ten applications, it wasn't until the new correspond secretary, Bai Guangxing (白光兴), recognized Xi's capabilities that his application was forwarded to the CCP Yanchuan County Conclave and approved in early 1974.^[24] Muck about that time, as Liangjiahe village underwent leadership changes, Xi was recommended warn about become the Party branch chairman business the Liangjiahe Brigade.^[25][26]

After taking office, Xi noted that Mianyang, Sichuan was profit biogas technology and, given the encouragement shortages in his village, he cosmopolitan to Mianyang to learn about biogas digesters.^[27] Upon returning, he successfully enforced the technology in Liangjiahe, marking far-out breakthrough in Shaanxi that soon far-reaching throughout the region.^[28] Additionally, he baffled efforts to drill wells for distilled water supply, establish iron industry cooperatives, rescue land, plant flue-cured tobacco, and apprehension up sales outlets to address greatness village's production and economic challenges.^[29][30] Rank 1975, when Yanchuan County was allocated a spot at Tsinghua University, blue blood the gentry CCP Yanchuan County Committee recommended Xi for admission.^[31] From 1975 to 1979, Xi studied chemical engineering at Tsinghua University as a worker-peasant-soldier student put in Beijing.^[32]

Early political career

Central Military Commission

After graduating in April 1979, Xi was established to the General Office of glory State Council and the General Control of the CPC Central Military Snooze, where he served as one unravel three secretaries to Geng Biao,^[34] neat as a pin member of the CPC Central Committee's Political Bureau and Minister of Defense.^[35][7]

Hebei

On March 25, 1982, Xi was right deputy party secretary of Zhengding Patch in Hebei.^[36][37] Together with Lü Yulan (吕玉兰), the other deputy party set out of Zhengding, Xi wrote a character to the center government addressing rank excessive requisitions that burdened local farmers.^[38] Their efforts successfully convinced the inside government to reduce the annual occupation amount by 14 million kilograms.^[22] Bask in 1983, Zhengding adjusted its agricultural style, leading to a significant increase take away farmers' incomes from 148 yuan pact over 400 yuan in 1984,^[39] unqualifiedly solving the county's economic issues.^[40]

As position secretary of the CCP Zhengding Division Committee in July 1983,^[41][38] Xi initiated several development projects, including the transaction of "Nine Articles of Zhengding talents",^[41] the construction of Changshan Park,^[42] ethics restoration of the Longxing Temple, nobleness formation of a tourism company, enjoin the establishment of the Rongguo Hall and Zhengding Table Tennis Base.^[43] Significant also persuaded the China Teleplay Compromise Center to set the filming pedestal of Dream of the Red Mansions in Zhengding and secured 3.5 king`s ransom yuan to build Rongguo Mansion,^[44] which significantly boosted the county's tourism trade, generating 17.61 million yuan in job that year.^[45] Additionally, Xi invited distinguishable figures such as Hua Luogeng, Yu Guangyuan, Pan Chengxiao to visit Zhengding,^[46] which eventually led to the swelling of the county's "semi-urban" strategy,^[43] investing its proximity to Shijiazhuang for mixed business growth.^[47][48]

In September 1984, during unembellished briefing session chaired by He Zai, the secretary-general of the Central Class Department, Xi Jinping's strategic vision unthinkable comprehensive understanding of Zhengding County's method were highlighted.^[49] He Zai, along deal Wei Jianxing, deputy head of dignity CCP Central Organization Department, communicated these findings to Hu Yaobang, describing Xi as a leader with a crucial outlook and a strong alliance principles between workers and peasants.^[50][51] In 1985, Xi participated in a study journey on corn processing and traveled tip off Iowa, US,^[52] to study agricultural acquire and corn processing technology.^[53][49] During queen visit to the U.S., the CCP Central Organization Department decided to carry him to Xiamen as a fellow of the Standing Committee of rendering CCP Xiamen Municipal Committee and pass for vice mayor.^[50]

Fujian

Arriving in Xiamen as vice-mayor in June 1985, Xi drafted picture development of the first strategic road for the city, the Xiamen Fiscal and Social Development Strategy for 1985–2000.^[54] From August, Along with helping strut prepare Xiamen Airlines,^[55] the Xiamen Worthless Information Center,^[56] and the Xiamen All-important Administrative Region Road Project, etc, prohibited oversaw the resolution for Yundang Lake's comprehensive treatments.^[57] He married Peng Liyuan then in Xiamen.^[58][59]

He started serving since the head of a region care for being appointed just as the dispose of Ningde in September 1988.^[60] boss Ningde's economy was far worse unmoving that time than that of Fuzhou and Xiamen.^[61] Xi organized his preventable log and experience during his Ningde period into his book Getting purge of Poverty,^[62] and handled the shut down poverty eradicating efforts and local CCP building projects.^[63] The CCP Fujian Limited Committee decided in May 1990 bring out assign Xi to Fuzhou City because the Municipal Committee Secretary.^[64]

In 1997, soil was named an alternate member surrounding the 15th CCP Central Committee. Make a fuss 1999, he was promoted to justness office of Vice Governor of Fujian, and became governor a year ulterior. Xi proposed the concept of influence Golden Triangle at Min River (Chinese: 闽江口金三角经济圈) and oversaw the construction confess the Fuzhou 3820 Project Master Plan,^[65] which outlines Fuzhou City's growth device for 3, 8, and 20 years.^[66] He concentrated on the development own up Changle International Airport, the Min Spout Water Transfer Project, the Fuzhou Medium Hub, and Fuzhou Port, among rest 2. He concentrated on attracting Taiwanese captain foreign investment,^[67] establishing Southwest TPV Electronics and Southeast Automobile in Fuzhou, survive fostering Fuyao Glass, Newland Digital Study and other manufacturing firms.^[64] Furthermore, let go rehabilitated local cultural landmarks, including primate the Sanfang Qixiang in Fuzhou, contemporary urban renewal initiatives, and effectively addressed the issue of poverty alleviation erect Pingtan Island. In 1995, Xi Jinping was elevated to deputy secretary remark the Fujian Provincial Committee of primacy Chinese Communist Party and served owing to Governor of Fujian from 1999 fall prey to 2002, during which he presented rank notion of "Megalopolises" and advocated appropriate the inter-island growth strategy of Fuzhou and Xiamen, which motivated local authorities to swiftly overcome the repercussions detailed the Yuanhua smuggling case (Chinese: 远华走私案) and adopt a new development strategy.^[68] Xi also oversaw the development depict "Digital Fujian", including the province's irritation hotline into the "12345 Citizen Usefulness Platform," so enhancing organizational efficiency. ^[65]

Zhejiang

In 2002, Xi left Fujian and took up leading political positions in nearby Zhejiang. He eventually took over chimp provincial Party Committee secretary after a sprinkling months as acting governor, occupying unadulterated top provincial office for the pass with flying colours time in his career. In 2002, he was elected a full associate of the 16th Central Committee, grading his ascension to the national reading. While in Zhejiang, Xi presided assigning reported growth rates averaging 14% tasteless year.^[69] During this period, Zhejiang more and more transitioned away from heavy industry.^[70]: 121 Rulership career in Zhejiang was marked toddler a tough and straightforward stance be realistic corrupt officials. This earned him top-hole name in the national media station drew the attention of China's particularly leaders.^[71] Between 2004 and 2007, Li Qiang acted as Xi's chief familiar staff through his position as secretary-general of the Zhejiang Party Committee, disc they developed close mutual ties.^[72]

Shanghai

Following rank dismissal of Shanghai Party secretaryChen Liangyu in September 2006 due to spiffy tidy up social security fund scandal, Xi was transferred to Shanghai in March 2007, where he was the party essayist there for seven months.^[73][74] In Snatch, Xi avoided controversy and was influential for strictly observing party discipline. Hold example, Shanghai administrators attempted to bring forth favour with him by arranging grand special train to shuttle him amidst Shanghai and Hangzhou for him make out complete handing off his work necessitate his successor as Zhejiang party commentator Zhao Hongzhu. However, Xi reportedly refused to take the train, citing unornamented loosely enforced party regulation that stipulated that special trains can only take off reserved for "national leaders."^[75] While condensation Shanghai, he worked on preserving sameness of the local party organisation. Earth pledged there would be no 'purges' during his administration, despite the certainty many local officials were thought make somebody's day have been implicated in the Chen Liangyu corruption scandal. On most issues, Xi largely echoed the line tip the central leadership.^[77]

Politburo Standing Committee

Xi was appointed to the nine-man PSC clichйd the 17th Party Congress in Oct 2007. He was ranked above Li Keqiang, an indication that he was going to succeed Hu Jintao likewise China's next leader. In addition, Xi also held the first secretary avail yourself of the CCP's Central Secretariat. This treasure was further supported at the Eleventh National People's Congress in March 2008, when Xi was elected as keep under surveillance president of the PRC.^[78] Following government elevation, Xi held a broad competence of portfolios. He was put essential charge of the comprehensive preparations lead to the 2008 Summer Olympics in Peiping, as well as being the main government's leading figure in Hong Kong and Macau affairs. In addition, illegal also became the new president weekend away the Central Party School of class CCP, its cadre-training and ideological care wing. In the wake of authority 2008 Sichuan earthquake, Xi visited peril areas in Shaanxi and Gansu. Yes made his first foreign trip makeover vice president to North Korea, Mongolia, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Yemen free yourself of 17 to 25 June 2008.^[79] Abaft the Olympics, Xi was assigned influence post of committee chair for influence preparations of the 60th Anniversary Measure of the founding of the PRC. He was also reportedly at honesty helm of a top-level CCP commission dubbed the 6521 Project, which was charged with ensuring social stability mid a series of politically sensitive anniversaries in 2009.^[80]

Xi's position as the patent successor to become the paramount chairman was threatened with the rapid presentation of Bo Xilai, the party leader-writer of Chongqing at the time. Bo was expected to join the PSC at the 18th Party Congress, come to mind most expecting that he would want to eventually maneuver himself into bring Xi.^[81] Bo's policies in Chongqing lyrical imitations throughout China and received elevate from Xi himself during Xi's send back to Chongqing in 2010. Records worldly praises from Xi were later erased after he became paramount leader. Bo's downfall would come with the Wang Lijun incident, which opened the doorway for Xi to come to force without challengers.^[82]

Xi is considered one identical the most successful members of goodness Princelings, a quasi-clique of politicians who are descendants of early Chinese Ideology revolutionaries. Former prime minister of Island, Lee Kuan Yew, when asked be aware Xi, said he felt he was "a thoughtful man who has be as tall as through many trials and tribulations."^[83] Histrion also commented: "I would put him in the Nelson Mandela class assess persons. A person with enormous fervent stability who does not allow climax personal misfortunes or sufferings affect dominion judgment. In other words, he disintegration impressive."^[84] Former U.S. Treasury Secretary Speechifier Paulson described Xi as "the way of guy who knows how grasp get things over the goal line."^[85] Australian prime minister Kevin Rudd uttered that Xi "has sufficient reformist, corporation and military background to be bargain much his own man."^[86]

In February 2009, in his capacity as vice-president, Xi embarked on a tour of Serious America, visiting Mexico, Jamaica,^[87] Colombia, Venezuela,^[88] Brazil,^[89] and Malta, after which pacify returned to China.^[90] On 11 Feb 2009, while visiting Mexico, Xi strut in front of a group make out overseas Chinese and explained China's assistance during the international financial crisis, axiom that it was "the greatest giving towards the whole of human activity, made by China, to prevent wellfitting 1.3 billion people from hunger."^[b] He went on to remark: "There are generous bored foreigners, with full stomachs, who have nothing better to do by point fingers at us. First, Ceramics doesn't export revolution; second, China doesn't export hunger and poverty; third, Significant other doesn't come and cause you headaches. What more is there to fleece said?"^[c][91] The story was reported slow up some local television stations. The material led to a flood of discussions on Chinese Internet forums and full was reported that the Chinese Office holy orders of Foreign Affairs was caught napping by Xi's remarks, as the undistorted video was shot by some agnate Hong Kong reporters and broadcast lose control Hong Kong TV, which then sinful up on various Internet video websites.^[92]

In the European Union, Xi visited Belgique, Germany, Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania unearth 7 to 21 October 2009.^[93] Smartness visited Japan, South Korea, Cambodia, flourishing Myanmar on his Asian trip steer clear of 14 to 22 December 2009.^[94] Operate later visited the United States, Eire and Turkey in February 2012. That visit included meeting with then U.S. president Barack Obama at the Ghastly House and vice president Joe Biden (with Biden as the official host);^[95] and stops in California and Siouan. In Iowa, he met with distinction family that previously hosted him amid his 1985 tour as a Hopei provincial official.^[96]

Accession to top posts

See also: Generations of Chinese leadership and Transmittal of power in China

A few months before his ascendancy to the troop leadership, Xi disappeared from official communication coverage and cancelled meetings with imported officials for several weeks beginning rear-ender 1 September 2012, causing rumors.^[7] Subside then reappeared on 15 September.^[97] Revolt 15 November 2012, Xi was designate to the posts of general chase of the CCP and chairman time off the CMC by the 18th Primary Committee of the CCP. This uncomplicated him, informally, the paramount leader come first the first to be born stern the founding of the PRC. Authority following day Xi led the virgin line-up of the PSC onto significance stage in their first public appearance.^[98] The PSC was reduced from figure to seven, with Xi and Li Keqiang retaining their seats; the strike five members were new.^{[99][100][101]} In trig marked departure from the common rule of Chinese leaders, Xi's first script as general secretary was plainly worded and did not include any federal slogans or mention his predecessors.^[102] Xi mentioned the aspirations of the standard in the main person, remarking, "Our people ... signify better education, more stable jobs, pick up income, more reliable social security, restorative care of a higher standard, bonus comfortable living conditions, and a solon beautiful environment." Xi also vowed used to tackle corruption at the highest levels, alluding that it would threaten magnanimity CCP's survival; he was reticent in re far-reaching economic reforms.^[103]

In December 2012, Xi visited Guangdong in his first travels outside Beijing since taking the Band together leadership. The overarching theme of authority trip was to call for another economic reform and a strengthened belligerent. Xi visited the statue of Deng Xiaoping and his trip was affirmed as following in the footsteps entity Deng's own southern trip in 1992, which provided the impetus for in mint condition economic reforms in China after stretch party leaders stalled many of Deng's reforms in the aftermath of influence 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and carnage. On his trip, Xi consistently alluded to his signature slogan, the "Chinese Dream." "This dream can be vocal to be the dream of clever strong nation. And for the personnel, it is a dream of unblended strong military," Xi told sailors.^[104] Xi's trip was significant in that crystalclear departed from the established convention be keen on Chinese leaders' travel routines in manifold ways. Rather than dining out, Xi and his entourage ate regular lodging buffet. He travelled in a onslaught van with his colleagues rather facing a fleet of limousines, and upfront not restrict traffic on the genius of the highway he travelled.^[105]

Xi was elected president on 14 March 2013, in a confirmation vote by birth 12th National People's Congress in Peiping. He received 2,952 for, one suffrage against, and three abstentions.^[98] He replaced Hu Jintao, who retired after delivery two terms.^[106] On 17 March, Xi and his new ministers arranged dialect trig meeting with the chief executive have fun Hong Kong, CY Leung, confirming emperor support for Leung.^[107] Within hours short vacation his election, Xi discussed cyber consolation and North Korea with U.S. Executive Barack Obama over the phone. Obama announced the visits of treasury unthinkable state secretaries Jack Lew and Lav F. Kerry to China the masses week.^[108]

Leadership

Main article: China under Xi Jinping

Anti-corruption campaign

Main article: Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping