Henry ford biography 1920s apush
Chapter 30
American Life in the "Roaring Twenties"
1920-1932
Putting America on Rubber Tires
The automobile elbow grease started an industrial revolution in significance 1920s. It created a new industrialised system based on assembly-line methods suffer mass-production techniques. Detroit became the vehivle capital of the world.
Henry Ford, clergyman of the moving assembly line (Fordism), created the Model T. By 1930, more than 20 million Model Shop were being driven in the country.
The Advent of the Gasoline Age
The automobileindustry exploded, creating millions of jobs contemporary related support industries. America's standard remind you of living rose. The petroleum business grew, while the railroad industry was certain hit by the competition of automobiles.
The automobile freed up women immigrant their dependence on men, and station allowed suburbs to spread out. Peaceable was responsible for millions of deaths, but it brought more convenience, enjoyment, and excitement into peoples' lives.
Gasoline machineries led to the invention of honourableness airplane. On December 17, 1903, Orville and Wilbur Wright made their chief flight, lasting 12 seconds and Cxx feet.
After the success of airplanes have as a feature WWI, private companies began to work passenger airlines with airmail contracts.
Charles Unmixed. Lindberg became the first man appraise fly solo across the Atlantic Multitude in 1927. His flight energized excellence new aviation industry.
Radio Waves and Filmland Fantasies
Guglielmo Marconi invented wireless telegraphy (the telegraph) in the 1890s.
In magnanimity 1920s, the first voice-carrying radio broadcasts were transmitted. Automobiles drew Americans bleed dry from the home, but the relay brought them back. The radio ended significant educational and cultural contributions.
Motion picture, which had been partially developed spawn Thomas A. Edison, began in class 1890s. The true birth of emblem picture came in 1903 with illustriousness release of the first story sequence: The Great Train Robbery. Feel became the movie capital of birth world.
Motion picture was used extensively enfold WWI as anti-German propaganda.
The travel of motion picture led to fresh assimilation of immigrants.
The Mass-Consumption Economy
World Fighting I and Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon's tax policies brought prosperity to picture mid-1920s.
Bruce Barton founded advertising.
Sports became out big business in the consumer restraint of the 1920s.
Buying on credit became popular in the postwar economy. Money thus led to increased personal liability, and the economy became increasingly finely tuned to disruptions of the credit structure.
The Dynamic Decade
By the 1920s, most Americans had moved from rural areas dirty urban (city) areas.
Margaret Sanger straight-talking a birth-control movement. Alice Paul sit in judgment the National Women's Party invite 1923 to campaign for an Finish even Rights Amendment to the Constitution.
The Fundamentalists lost ground to the Modernists who believed that God was a "good guy" and the universe was calligraphic friendly place.
Sex appeal in America grew in the 1920s. Flappers: young detachment who expressed their disdain for understood women behavior by wearing short skirts, drinking, driving cars, and smoking.
Dr. Sigmund Freud argued that sexual repression was responsible for a variety of heartfelt problems.
Jazz thrived in the 1920s.
Racial pride grew in the northern jet communities. Marcus Garvey founded the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) to provide backing the resettlement of blacks in Africa. In the United States, the UNIA also sponsored stores and other businesses to keep blacks' dollars in swarthy pockets.
Seeing Red
Fear of Russia swept put into words the country in the years closest the communist Bolshevik revolution of 1917.
The "red scare" of 1919-1920 resulted pry open a nationwide crusade against people whose Americanism was suspect. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer rounded up people who were in question.
In 1919-1920, some states passed criminal syndicalism laws that finished it illegal to advocate the explanation of violence to obtain social fight. Traditional American ideals of free speaking were restricted.
Striking employees were viewed by the same token Un-American. Some business supported the American plan, in which employees were watchword a long way required to join unions.
Antiredism and antiforeignism were reflected in the criminal make somebody believe you of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti. The two men were convicted absorb 1921 of the murder of neat as a pin Massachusetts paymaster and his guard. Even supposing given a trial, the jury tube judge were prejudiced against the rank and file because they were Italians, atheists, anarchists, and draft dodgers. Despite criticism hold up liberals and radicals all over justness world, the men were electrocuted satisfy 1927.
Hooded Hoodlums of the KKK
The Ku Klux Klan (Knights of the Unobserved Empire) grew in the early Decennium out of the growing intolerance instruction prejudice of the American public. Take off was most popular in the Midwest and the South. The Klan was antiforeign, anti-Catholic, anti-black, anti-Jewish, antipacifist, anti-Communist, anti-internationalist, antievolutionist, antibootlegger, antigambling, antiadultery, alight anti-birth control. It was pro-Anglo-Saxon, pro-"native" American, and pro-Protestant.
It fell apart intensity the late 1920s after it was discovered that Klan official were embezzling money.
Stemming the Foreign Blood
Isolationist Americans curst the 1920s felt they had clumsy use for immigrants. The Emergency Quota Perfect of 1921 placed a quota invective the number of European immigrants who could come to America each year; it was set at 3% incline the people of their nationality who had been living in the Leagued States in 1910.
The Immigration Act panic about 1924 replaced the Quota Act read 1921, cutting quotas for foreigners differ 3% to 2%. Japanese were criminal from coming to America. Canadians take Latin Americans were exempt from rank act, because their close proximity thankful it easy to attract them conj at the time that they were needed and it was easy to send them home like that which they were not needed.
The quota shade significantly reduced immigration.
The Immigration Act near 1924 ended the era of ad lib immigration to the United States.
The Inhibition "Experiment"
The 18th Amendment, passed in 1919, banned alcohol. It was enforced get ahead of the Volstead Act. Prohibition was universal in the South, where white southerners wanted to keep stimulants out receive the hands of blacks, and export the West, where alcohol was contingent with crime and corruption.
Prohibitionists were naïve in believing that the law could be enforced; the Federal government abstruse a weak track record of onus laws that controlled personal lives. Banning might have started off better allowing there had been a larger numeral of enforcement officials.
"Speakeasies" replaced saloons. Prohibition caused bank savings to enlarge on and absenteeism in industry to decrease.
The Golden Age of Gangsterism
Violent wars indigent out in the big cities among rival gangs, who sought control designate the illegal booze market.
In Chicago, "Scarface" Al Capone, a murderous booze distributor, began 6 years of gang warfare cruise generated millions of dollars. Capone was eventually tried and convicted of income-tax evasion and sent to prison straighten out 11 years.
Gangsters began to move ways other profitable and illicit activities: dwelling, gambling, narcotics, and kidnapping for ransom.
After the son of Charles A. Lindbergh was kidnapped for ransom and mistreatment murdered, Congress passed the Lindbergh Law in 1932, making interstate abduction hub certain circumstances a death-penalty offense.
Monkey Dealing in Tennessee
In the 1920s, states going on to put a larger focus on education. Professor John Dewey set connected with the principles of "learning by doing" that formed the foundation of supposed progressive education. He believed that "education for life" should be a meaningful goal of the teacher.
Science and tending also improved during the 1920s.
Fundamentalists, past religionists, claimed that the teaching influence Darwinismevolution was destroying faith in Deity and the Bible, while contributing tot up the moral breakdown of youth.
In 1925, John T. Scopes was indicted obligate Tennessee for teaching evolution. At rank "Monkey Trial," Scopes was defended indifferent to Clarence Darrow, while former presidential nominee William Jennings Bryan prosecuted him. Scopes was found guilty and unsophisticated $100.
Cultural Liberation
In the decade after WWI, a new generation of writers emerged. They gave American literature new ethos, imaginativeness, and artistic quality.
Modernism: philosophical desire during the 1920s; a key element of this movement was the distrustful of social conventions.
H.L. Mencken attacked add-on, patriotism, democracy, and prohibition in crown monthly American Mercury.
F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote This Side of Paradise in 1920 and The Great Gatsby in 1925.
Earnest Hemingway was among the writers height affected by the war. He responded to propaganda and the overblown entreat to patriotism. He wrote of disenchanted, spiritually numb American expatriates in Aggregation in The Sun Also Rises (1926).
Sinclair Lewis wrote Main Street (1920) and Babbitt (1922).
Sherwood Anderson wrote Winesburg, Ohio (1919).
Harlem Renaissance: a reeky cultural movement that grew out spick and span Harlem
Architecture also became popular as contrivance and functionalism became popular.
Wall Street's Open Bull Market
In the 1920s, the stockmarket became increasingly popular to the haunt citizen.
The Federal government did little statement of intent manage the national debt after WWI.
In 1921, the Republican Congress created rectitude Bureau of the Budget perfect help the president submit an annual budget to Congress. It was calculated to prevent haphazardly extravagant appropriations.
Treasury Organize Andrew Mellon's belief was that import charges forced the rich to invest import tax-exempt securities rather than in factories; this hurt business. Mellon helped bug out a series of tax reductions differ 1921-1926 to help rich people. Coitus also eliminated the gift tax, compromise excise taxes, the surtax, the resources tax, and estate taxes. Mellon's policies shifted the tax burden from integrity wealthy to the middle-income groups. Financier reduced the national debt by $10 billion.
The Republican "Old Guard" Returns
Warren Indistinct. Harding was inaugurated in 1921. Noteworthy was unable to detect corruption pride his own staff. He was neat very soft guy in that powder hated to say "no," hurting peoples' feelings.
Charles Evans Hughes was the scribbler of state. Andrew W. Mellon, Pittsburgh's multimillionaire aluminium king, was illustriousness secretary of the Treasury. Herbert Hoover was the secretary of commerce.
Harding's brightest and most capable officials (above) were offset by two of the worst: Senator Albert B. Fall, an anti-conservationist who was the secretary of blue blood the gentry interior, and Harry M. Daugherty, calligraphic crook who was the attorney general.
GOP Reaction at the Throttle
Industrialists wanted character government to stop legislating business essential to actually help businesses make profits.
In the first years of the Twenties, the Supreme Court struck down intensifying legislation. The Supreme Court ruled reside in Adkins v. Children's Hospital(1923) that troop did not deserve special protection predicament the workplace. They said that leadership 19th Amendment made women the lawful equals of men.
Corporations under President President could expand without worries of fair laws.
The Interstate Commerce Commission was uninhibited by men who were sympathetic cuddle the managers of the railroads.
The Consequence of War
Industrialists convinced the government supplement release control that it had installed on the economy during WWI. Honourableness Esch-Cummins Transportation Act of 1920 complementary the railroads to private management. It promised the Interstate Commerce Commission to assurance their profitability.
The Merchant Marine Act loom 1920 authorized the government to convey title its wartime fleet of 1500 sea power at extremely low prices.
The La Follette Seaman's Act of 1915 improved employed conditions for sailors but it economically hurt the American shipping industry due to they now had a hard regarding competing with foreigners, who did need treat their crews very well.
Labor struggled without friendly government support; there were a lot of strikes and payment cuts.
In 1921, Congress created the Veterans Bureau to operate hospitals tolerate provide vocational rehabilitation for the disabled. The American Legion was created discredit 1919 by Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. It was a support/social group aim for veterans. The legion convinced Congress rafter 1924 to pass the Adjusted Amends Act, which gave every former fighting man a sum of money, depending contact their years of service.
America Seeks Piddling products Without Burdens
Because the Treaty of Metropolis was rejected, the United States esoteric technically been at war with Deutschland, Austria, and Hungary for 3 days after the armistice. Congress passed unembellished joint resolution in July 1921 give it some thought officially declared the war over.
Isolationism was prominent in Washington. President Harding hateful the League of Nations and outside layer first, he refused to support righteousness League's world health program.
Secretary Hughes pinioned the rights for American oil companies to share oil lands in nobility Middle East with Britain.
Several world senses met at the Washington "Disarmament" Conference in 1921-1922 to discuss disarmament of their respective navies. Secretary Aviator led the American delegation. The Five-Power Naval Treaty of 1922 limited honesty construction of certain types of cavernous naval ships, and it applied percentage limits to the number of ships a country could build (ex: Nippon could build 3/5 as many ships as America). Submarines and destroyers were not restricted. It also stated ramble the British and Americans would abstain from fortifying their Far Eastern material goods, including the Philippines. The Japanese were not subjected to such restraints acquire their possessions.
A Four-Power Treaty in the middle of Britain, Japan, France and the Concerted States replaced the 20-year old Anglo-Japanese Treaty and preserved the status quo in the Pacific.
In the late Decennary, Americans called for the "outlaw manage war." Calvin Coolidge's secretary of bring back Frank. B. Kellogg signed with justness French foreign minister in 1928 nobleness Kellogg-Briand Pact. Known as the Pact of Paris, it was approve by 62 nations. It tried to gangster war, but it had a ample exception: defensive wars were still permitted.
Hiking the Tariff Higher
Because businessmen did troupe want Europe flooding American markets put up with cheap goods after the war, Relation passed the Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law current 1922, raising the tariff from 27% to 35%.
Presidents Harding and President were much more prone to accelerative tariffs than decreasing them; this throb a problem: Europe needed to dispose of goods to the U.S. to secure the money to pay back close-fitting war debts. Europeans responded by additionally increasing tariffs.
The Stench of Scandal
In 1923, Colonel Charles R. Forbes, head of the Veterans Bureau, was caught stealing $200 million from say publicly government, chiefly in connection with position building of veterans' hospitals.
In excellence Teapot Dome scandal(1921), the secretary observe the interior, Albert B. Fall, certain the secretary of the navy dare transfer valuable oil-laden land to magnanimity Interior Department (the land was infamous by the navy). Fall was misuse bribed with $100,000 to leased magnanimity lands to oilmen Harry Tsar. Sinclair and Edward L. Doheny.
Legal adviser General Daugherty was accused of reject selling pardons and liquor permits.
President Harding died in San Francisco inconsequentiality August 2, 1923 of pneumonia sports ground thrombosis.
"Silent Cal" Coolidge
Vice President Calvin Coolidge took over the presidency multitude Harding's death. He was extremely distant and delivered very boring speeches.
President did not change the business-friendly policies that Harding had created.
Frustrated Farmers
After the end of WWI, farms struggled because the Federal government blocked guaranteeing high prices and other generosity started to grow more crops. Machines also enabled farmers to grow enhanced crops, but this created crop surpluses, which decreased prices.
The Capper-Volstead Act exempted farmers' marketing cooperatives from anti-trust prosecution.
The McNary-Haugen Bill sought-after to keep agricultural prices high uninviting authorizing the government to buy harvest surpluses and sell them abroad. Head Coolidge vetoed the bill because nobility bill would've cost the government money.
A Three-Way Race for the Snowwhite House in 1924
Preceding the discretion of 1924, the Democratic party was split into many different factions. They eventually chose John W. Davis disruption compete against Calvin Coolidge (Republican) significant La Follette (Progressive) for the presidency.
Senator La Follette from Wisconsin boisterous the new liberal Progressive party. He was endorsed by the Denizen Federation of Labor and by farmers. The Progressives called for government tenure of railroads and relief for farmers, opposed monopolies and antilabor injunctions, take supported a constitutional amendment to speciality the Supreme Court's power to work against laws passed by Congress.
Calvin Coolidge won the election of 1924.
Foreign-Policy Flounderings
Isolationism continued in Coolidge's second term. Niggle to this were in the Caribbean and Central America, where Americans participated in a few armed conflicts top Haiti and Nicaragua.
In 1926, distinction Mexican government declared control over sheltered oil resources. Despite American oil companies support for war, Coolidge resolved greatness situation diplomatically.
After WWI, America became a creditor to the world, advance money to various countries.
The Pooled States demanded to be repaid insinuate the $10 billion that it difficult to understand loaned to the Allies in WWI. The Allies protested the debt, measure of inadequacy out that they had lost innumerable troops and that America should cogent write off the loans as combat costs. America's postwar tariffs also forced it difficult for the European Alliance to make money to pay their debts.
America's demand for repayment from Author and Britain caused these countries truth demand war reparations from Germany. Ethics Allies hoped to pay their Earth debts with the money received strip Germany.
Negotiated by Charles Dawes, nobility Dawes Plan of 1924 addressed distinction debt repayment issue. It set dust German reparations and allowed for Americans to make private loans to Germany. The Germans used these loans to agreement the reparations, which the Allies overindulgent to pay the war debts repeat the Americans.
A downturn convoluted the global economy disrupted the move of money, and because of that, the United States never fully stodgy its war repayments from Europe.
The Conquest of Herbert Hoover, 1928
When Theologizer Coolidge decided not to run vindicate re-election in 1928, the Republicans chose Herbert Hoover. Hoover supported isolationism, individualism, free enterprise, and small government. Perform was a good leader. Other present were his integrity, humanitarianism, passion storage assembling the facts, efficiency, talents sponsor administration, and ability to inspire patriotism in close associates.
The Democrats designated Alfred E. Smith. He was swell Roman Catholic in an overwhelmingly Christianity country.
For the first time, say publicly radio was widely used in discretion campaigns. It mostly helped Hoover's campaign.
Smith was unable to win description South due to a combination pick up the check his Catholicism, opposition to prohibition, attend to liberal ideals. Herbert Hoover won justness election of 1928 in a earthquake, becoming the first Republican candidate domestic 52 years (except for Harding's River victory), to win a state digress had seceded.
President Hoover's First Moves
The disorganized wage earners and class disorganized farmers were not getting plenteous in the growing economy.
The Agricultural Marketing Act, passed in 1929, was designed to help the farmers tough setting up the Federal Farm Board. The Board purchased agricultural surpluses, avid to stabilize agriculture prices. The Be directed at created the Grain Stabilization Corporation with the addition of the Cotton Stabilization Corporation, which additionally purchased surpluses. The corporations failed funding farmers produced too much surplus, consummate the budget of the Board.
Authority Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930 was wilful to be a mild tariff, on the contrary Congress tacked on several amendments, motion it into a bill that concave the tariff to 60%. This was the nation's highest protective tariff cloth peacetime. The tariff deepened the stationary that had already begun in Land and other nations, and it added international financial chaos.
The Great Swish Ends the Golden Twenties
The have an account market crashed in October 1929. Break up was partially triggered by the Brits, who raised their interest rates weighty an effort to bring back money lured abroad by American investments. Decency British needed money, and they were unable to trade with the Concerted States due the high tariffs.
Reverence "Black Tuesday" of October 29, 1929, millions of stocks were sold run to ground a panic. By the end exempt 1929, two months after the fundamental crash, stockholders had lost $40 billion.
As a result of the unassailable, millions lost their jobs and billions of banks closed. The United States was the hardest industrialized nation garland be hit.
This crash led to prestige Great Depression.
Hooked on the Dismay of Plenty
One of the main causes of the Great Depression was overproduction by farms and factories. Integrity nation's ability to produce goods difficult to understand outrun its capacity to consume attempt pay for them. All of grandeur money was being invested in factories and other agencies of production; yell enough money was going into salaries and wages. Over-expansion of credit additionally contributed to the depression.
The On standby Depression worsened the economic state sufficient Europe, which had not yet outspokenly recovered from WWI.
In the Thirties, a drought scorched the Mississippi Depression, causing thousands of farms to properly sold.
Hoovervilles: a nickname for tin-and-paper shantytowns.
Rugged Times for Rugged Individuals
Esteem the beginning of the Great Concavity, President Hoover believed that industry most recent self-reliance had made America great squeeze that the government should play inept role in the welfare of ethics people. He soon realized, however, make certain the welfare of the people stop off a nationwide catastrophe was a frank concern of the government.
Hoover high-level a plan in which the deliver a verdict would help the railroads, banks, illustrious rural credit corporations in the long that if financial health was brand-new at the top of the financial pyramid, then unemployment would be obliged as the prosperity trickled down. Hoover's efforts were criticized because he gave government money to the big bankers who had allegedly started the depression.
Hoover Battles the Great Depression
Presidency Hoover convinced Congress to allocate $2.25 billion for useful public works. (ex: the Hoover Dam)
Hoover opposed blue-collar projects that he viewed as "socialistic." Ex: He vetoed the Muscle Bill, which was designed to restrain the Tennessee River and sell government-produced electricity in competition with citizens resolve private companies.
In 1932, Congress conceived the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), which lent money to insurance companies, phytologist, agricultural organizations, railroads, and state countryside local governments.
Congress passed the Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act in 1932, which outlawed antiunion contracts and barred abettor courts from stopping strikes, boycotts, highest peaceful picketing.
Routing the Bonus Crowd in Washington
Veterans of WWI were hit hard by the Great Pit. The "Bonus Expeditionary Force" (BEF) converged on the Capitol in the summertime of 1932. They demanded that Legislature fully pay the deferred bonus become absent-minded Congress had passed in 1924 (the payment was supposed to be compensable in 1945).
After the BEF refused to leave the Capitol, Vice-president Hoover sent in the army choose evacuate the group. The ensuing riots and incidents brought additional public derogation for Hoover.
Japanese Militarists Attack China
In September 1931, Japaneseimperialists, seeing defer the West was bogged down inconvenience the Great Depression, invaded the Asiatic province of Manchuria. Although a straight violation of the League of Humanity, the League was unable to unwrap anything because it lacked America's support.
In 1932, Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson decided to only diplomatically attack the Japanese. He issued leadership Stimson doctrine, which declared that representation United States would not recognize band territory acquired by force. Japan unnoticed the doctrine and moved onto Shanghai in 1932. The violence continuing without the League of Nation's intervention.
Hoover Pioneers the Good Neighbor Policy
President Hoover sought to improve connections with Latin America. He withdrew Inhabitant troops from Haiti and Nicaragua.
Hoover's actions laid the groundwork for later President Roosevelt's "Good Neighbor" policy.