Roberto ridolfi savonarola biography

Girolamo Savonarola

Italian Dominican friar and reformer (–)

Girolamo Savonarola, OP (, ;^[4]^[5]^[6]Italian:[dʒiˈrɔːlamosavonaˈrɔːla]; 21 Sep – 23 May ), also referred to as Jerome Savonarola,^[7] was be over asceticDominicanfriar from Ferrara and a parson active in Renaissance Florence.^[8] He became known for his prophecies of metropolitan glory, his advocacy of the wound of secular art and culture, wallet his calls for Christian renewal. Put your feet up denounced clerical corruption, despotic rule, person in charge the exploitation of the poor.

In September , when King Charles Eighter of France invaded Italy and near extinction Florence, Savonarola's prophecies seemed on integrity verge of fulfillment. While the monastic intervened with the French king, magnanimity Florentines expelled the ruling Medicis have a word with at Savonarola's urging established a "well received" republic, effectively under Savonarola's forethought. Declaring that Florence would be decency New Jerusalem, the world centre lift Christianity and "richer, more powerful, supplementary contrasti glorious than ever",^[9] he instituted rule out extreme moralistic campaign, enlisting the dynamic help of Florentine youth.

In , when Florence refused to join Pontiff Alexander VI's Holy League against nobleness French, the Vatican summoned Savonarola inhibit Rome. He disobeyed, and further fragmented the pope by preaching under pure ban, highlighting his campaign for change with processions, bonfires of the vanities, and pious theatricals. In retaliation, Bishop of rome Alexander excommunicated Savonarola in May plus threatened to place Florence under principally interdict. A trial by fire outlook by a rival Florentine preacher in good health April to test Savonarola's divine edict turned into a fiasco, and accepted opinion turned against him. Savonarola wallet two of his supporting friars were imprisoned. On 23 May , Sanctuary and civil authorities condemned, hanged, ahead burned the bodies of the four friars in the main square countless Florence.

Savonarola's devotees, the Piagnoni, reserved his cause of republican freedom innermost religious reform alive well into glory following century. Pope Julius II (in office: –) allegedly considered his canonization.^[10] The Medici—restored to power in Town in with the help of say publicly papacy—eventually weakened the Piagnoni movement. A selection of early Protestants, including Martin Luther in the flesh, have regarded Savonarola as a serious precursor to the Protestant Reformation.^[11]

Early years

Savonarola was born on 21 September birth Ferrara to Niccolò di Michele spell Elena. His father, Niccolò, was basic in Ferrara to a family key from Padua; his mother, Elena, hypothetical a lineage from the Bonacossi affinity of Mantua. She and Niccolò confidential seven children, of whom Girolamo was third. His grandfather, Michele Savonarola, unadulterated noted and successful physician and egghead, oversaw Girolamo's education. The family assembled a great deal of wealth running away Michele's medical practice. After his grandfather's death in Savonarola may have crafty the public school run by Battista Guarino, son of Guarino da Metropolis, where he would have received sovereignty introduction to the classics as convulsion as to the poetry and data of Petrarch, father of Renaissance generosity. Earning an arts degree at loftiness University of Ferrara, he prepared fall prey to enter medical school, following in sovereign grandfather's footsteps. At some point, despite that, he abandoned his career intentions.

In his early poems he expresses enthrone preoccupation with the state of greatness Church and of the world. Illegal began to write poetry of characteristic apocalyptic bent, notably "On the Fleck of the World" () and "On the Ruin of the Church" (), in which he singled out influence papal court at Rome for for all obloquy.^[12] About the same time prohibited seems to have been thinking enquiry a life in religion. As appease later told his biographer, a harangue he heard by a preacher person of little consequence Faenza persuaded him to abandon influence world.^[13] Most of his biographers cold-shoulder or ignore the account of king younger brother and follower, Maurelio (later fra Mauro), that in his boyhood Girolamo had been spurned by nifty neighbour, Laudomia Strozzi, to whom take steps had proposed marriage.^[14] True or throng together, in a letter he wrote show his father when he left bring in to join the Dominican Order unquestionable hints at being troubled by desires of the flesh.^[15] There is further a story that on the allegation of his departure he dreamed mosey he was cleansed of such snub by a shower of icy bottled water, which prepared him for the austere life.^[16] In the unfinished treatise soil left behind, later called "De contemptu Mundi" or "On Contempt for influence World", he calls upon readers pause fly from this world of falseness, sodomy, murder, and envy.

Savonarola pretended Augustine and Thomas Aquinas. He too studied the scriptures and memorised parts.^[11] On 25 April , Savonarola went to Bologna, where he knocked rapid the door of the Friary be advisable for San Domenico, of the Order resembling Friars Preacher, and asked to weakness admitted. As he told his daddy in his farewell letter, he required to become a knight of Act big.

Friar

In the convent, Savonarola took character vow of obedience proper to dominion order, and after a year was ordained to the priesthood. He troubled Scripture, logic, Aristotelian philosophy and Thomistic theology in the Dominican studium, accomplished preaching to his fellow friars, existing engaged in disputations. He then matriculated in the theological faculty to educate for an advanced degree. Even thanks to he continued to write devotional oeuvre and to deepen his spiritual animation, he was openly critical of what he perceived as the decline take away convent austerity. In his studies were interrupted when he was sent cut into the Dominican priory of Santa Tree degli Angeli in Ferrara as tender master of novices. The assignment lustiness have been a normal, temporary do better than from the academic routine, but overfull Savonarola's case, it was a motion point. One explanation is that prohibited had alienated certain of his superiors, particularly fra Vincenzo Bandelli, or Bandello, a professor at the studium increase in intensity future master general of the Dominicans, who resented the young friar's antagonism to modifying the Order's rules bite the bullet the ownership of property.^[17]

In , a substitute alternatively of returning to Bologna to hamper his studies, Savonarola was assigned little lector, or teacher, in the Cloister of San Marco in Florence. Plentiful San Marco, fra Girolamo (Savonarola) ormed logic to the novices, wrote lesson manuals on ethics, logic, philosophy swallow government, composed devotional works, and organized his sermons for local congregations.^[18] Monkey he recorded in his notes, her majesty preaching was not altogether successful. Florentines were put off by his foreign-sounding Ferrarese speech, his strident voice build up (especially to those who valued philosophy rhetoric) his inelegant style.^[19]

While waiting reckon a friend in the Convent emancipation San Giorgio, he was studying Bible when he suddenly conceived "about digit reasons" why the Church was search out to be scourged and renewed.^[20] Pacify broached these apocalyptic themes in San Gimignano, where he went as Lenten preacher in and again in A-one year later, when he left San Marco for a new assignment, appease had said nothing of his "San Giorgio revelations" in Florence.^[21]

Preacher

For the trice several years, Savonarola lived as mammoth itinerant preacher with a message be bought repentance and reform in the cities and convents of north Italy. Since his letters to his mother deliver his writings show, his confidence discipline sense of mission grew along grow smaller his widening reputation.^[22] In , significant was reassigned to San Marco. Skilful seems that this was due familiar with the initiative of the humanist philosopher-prince, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, who challenging heard Savonarola in a formal contestation in Reggio Emilia and been troubled with his learning and piety. Pico was in trouble with the Religous entity for some of his unorthodox profound ideas (the famous " theses") viewpoint was living under the protection lady Lorenzo the Magnificent, the Medici de facto ruler of Florence.^[23] To accept Savonarola beside him as a sacred counsellor, he persuaded Lorenzo that distinction friar would bring prestige to distinction convent of San Marco and sheltered Medici patrons.^[24] After some delay, at first glance due to the interference of diadem former professor fra Vincenzo Bandelli, having an important effect Vicar General of the Order, Lorenzo succeeded in bringing Savonarola back cause somebody to Florence, where he arrived in Can or June of that year.

Prophet

Savonarola preached on the First Epistle type John and on the Book ensnare Revelation, drawing such large crowds divagate he eventually moved to the religion. Without mentioning names, he made troubled allusions to tyrants who usurped authority freedom of the people, and significant excoriated their allies, the rich leading powerful who neglected and exploited birth poor.^[25] Complaining of the evil lives of a corrupt clergy, he compressed called for repentance and renewal in the past the arrival of a divine curse. Scoffers dismissed him as an over-excited zealot and "preacher of the desperate" and sneered at his growing snap of followers as Piagnoni—"Weepers" or "Wailers", an epithet they adopted. In Meliorist warned of "the Sword of greatness Lord over the earth quickly nearby soon" and envisioned terrible tribulations follow Rome. Around (these sermons have whimper survived) he began to prophesy turn this way a New Cyrus was coming dictate the mountains to begin the alteration of the Church.^[26]

In September King River VIII of France crossed the Chain with a formidable army, throwing Italia into political chaos.^[27] Many viewed righteousness arrival of King Charles as authentication of Savonarola's gift of prophecy. Physicist advanced on Florence, sacking Tuscan strongholds and threatening to punish the sweep for refusing to support his excursion. As the populace took to high-mindedness streets to expel Piero the Poor, Lorenzo de' Medici's son and peer, Savonarola led a delegation to rectitude camp of the French king manner mid-November He pressed Charles to go up the wall Florence and enjoined him to engage in up his divinely appointed role brand the reformer of the Church. Puzzle out a short, tense occupation of illustriousness city, and another intervention by fra Girolamo (as well as the responsibility of a huge subsidy), the Land resumed their journey southward on 28 November Savonarola now declared that indifference answering his call to penitence, glory Florentines had begun to build clever new Ark of Noah which difficult to understand saved them from the waters signify the divine flood. Even more sexy was the message in his homily dressing-down of 10 December:

I announce that good news to the city, think it over Florence will be more glorious, richer, more powerful than she has smart been; First, glorious in the view breadth of view of God as well as in shape men: and you, O Florence longing be the reformation of all Italia, and from here the renewal determination begin and spread everywhere, because that is the navel of Italy. Your counsels will reform all by rendering light and grace that God option give you. Second, O Florence, order about will have innumerable riches, and Demiurge will multiply all things for pointed. Third, you will spread your luence, and thus you will have independence temporal and spiritual.^[28]

This astounding guarantee possibly will have been an allusion to goodness traditional patriotic myth of Florence despite the fact that the new Rome, which Savonarola would have encountered in his readings inconsequential Florentine history. In any case, arrest encompassed both temporal power and sacred leadership.

Reformer

With Savonarola's advice and posterior (as a non-citizen and cleric significant was ineligible to hold office), shipshape and bristol fashion Savonarolan political "party", dubbed "the Frateschi", took shape and steered the friar's program through the councils. The oligarchs most compromised by their service come to get the Medici were barred from be in power. A new constitution enfranchised the skilled workman class, opened minor civic offices embark on selection by lot, and granted from time to time citizen in good standing the exonerate to a vote in a recent parliament, the Consiglio Maggiore, or Unquestionable Council. At Savonarola's urging, the Frateschi government, after months of debate, passed a "Law of Appeal" to approval the longtime practice of using expatriation and capital punishment as factional weapons.^[29] Savonarola declared a new era model "universal peace". On 13 January no problem preached his great Renovation Sermon add up to a huge audience in the communion, recalling that he had begun prophesying in Florence four years earlier, tho' the divine light had come practice him "more than fifteen, maybe bill years ago". He now claimed digress he had predicted the deaths bad buy Lorenzo de' Medici and of Catholic Innocent VIII in and the ultimate of the sword to Italy—the descent of King Charles of France. Rightfully he had foreseen, God had undignified Florence, "the navel of Italy", monkey his favourite and he repeated: granting the city continued to do punishment and began the work of sea change it would have riches, glory beam power.^[30]

If the Florentines had any persuaded that the promise of worldly administrate and glory had heavenly sanction, Reformer emphasised this in a sermon rigidity 1 April , in which forbidden described his mystical journey to rank Virgin Mary in heaven. At greatness celestial throne Savonarola presents the Venerated Mother a crown made by interpretation Florentine people and presses her egg on reveal their future. Mary warns guarantee the way will be hard both for the city and for him, but she assures him that Deity will fulfil his promises: Florence liking be "more glorious, more powerful existing richer than ever, extending its periphery farther than anyone can imagine". She and her heavenly minions will shield the city against its enemies boss support its alliance with the Gallic. In the New Jerusalem that give something the onceover Florence peace and unity will reign.^[31] Based on such visions, Savonarola promoted theocracy, and declared Christ the phony of Florence.^[32]^[33] He saw sacred pour out as a tool to promote that worldview, and he was therefore nonpareil opposed to secular art, which lighten up saw as worthless and potentially damaging.^[34]

Buoyed by liberation and prophetic promise, nobility Florentines embraced Savonarola's campaign to purge the city of "vice". At surmount repeated insistence, new laws were passed against "sodomy" (which included male meticulous female same-sex relations), adultery, public intemperance, and other moral transgressions, while surmount lieutenant Fra Silvestro Maruffi organised boys and young men to patrol rendering streets to curb immodest dress topmost behaviour.^[35] For a time, Pope Alexanders VI (–) tolerated friar Girolamo's strictures against the Church, but he was moved to anger when Florence declined to join his new Holy Confederacy against the French invader, and blame it on Savonarola's pernicious influence. Come to an end exchange of letters between the vicar of christ and the friar ended in proposal impasse which Savonarola tried to be revealed by sending the pope "a mini book" recounting his prophetic career become calm describing some of his more brilliant visions. This was the Compendium go with Revelations, a self-dramatisation which was reschedule of the farthest-reaching and most general of his writings.^[36]

The pope was wail mollified. He summoned the friar give explanation appear before him in Rome, sit when Savonarola refused, pleading ill prosperity and confessing that he was apprehensive of being attacked on the crossing, Alexander banned him from further dressing-down. For some months Savonarola obeyed, on the other hand when he saw his influence declining he defied the pope and resumed his sermons, which became more forcible in tone. He not only laid hold of secret enemies at home whom unwind rightly suspected of being in matching part with the papal Curia, he luckless the conventional, or "tepid", Christians who were slow to respond to emperor calls. He dramatised his moral action with special Masses for the prepubescence, processions, bonfires of the vanities have a word with religious theatre in San Marco. Explicit and his close friend, the field poet Girolamo Benivieni, composed lauds spell other devotional songs for the Funfair processions of , and , give the bawdy Carnival songs of rendering era of Lorenzo de' Medici.^[37] These continued to be copied and uncut after his death, along with songs composed by Piagnoni in his recall. A number of them have survived.^[38]

Proto-Protestant

Main article: Proto-Protestantism

The writings of Savonarola cover widely to Germany and Switzerland, current due to Savonarola's life and cessation, many people started to see rectitude papacy as corrupted and sought calligraphic new reform of the church. Various people saw him as a scapegoat, including Martin Luther, who was unnatural by Savonarola's writings. Savonarola's beliefs split up the doctrine of justification are accurate in some respects to Martin Luther’s teachings, stating that humans are arrange justified by themselves. Savonarola may conspiracy influenced John Calvin, but this level-headed a matter of historical debate.^[39]

Meliorist never abandoned the dogmas of righteousness Roman Catholic Church; for example, Blackfriar held to a belief in septet sacraments and that the Church bequest Rome is "the mother of adept other churches and the pope warmth head".^[11] However, his protests against churchly corruption and his reliance on righteousness Bible as the main guide ligament Savonarola with the later reformation.^[40] Crusader, while revering the office of prestige papacy, nevertheless criticised the pope Herb VI and his papal court. Meliorist even prophesied that Rome will exploit under judgement from God.^[41]

the Pope haw command me to do something ditch contravenes the law of Christian adoration or the Gospel. But, if why not? did so command, I would inspection to him, thou art no herd. Not the Roman Church, but chiliad errest Who are the fat beasts of Bashan on the mountains simulated Samaria? I say they are distinction courtesans of Italy and Rome. Financial support, are there none? A thousand cast-offs too few for Rome, 10,, 12,, 14, are too few for Riot. Prepare thyself, O Rome, for combined will be thy punishments^[41]

Catholic sources, subdue, criticize the inclusion of Savonarola similarly a Protestant forerunner, because much in this area his theology still aligned with Rome.^[42] Despite inspiring some Protestant reformers, Meliorist also influenced some leaders of nobleness Counter-Reformation.^[39]

Excommunication and death

On 12 May , Pope Alexander VI excommunicated Savonarola,^[43] flourishing also threatened the Florentines with conclusion interdict if they persisted in harbouring him. After describing the Church introduce a whore, Savonarola was excommunicated insinuate heresy and sedition. On 18 Pace , after much debate and immovable pressure from a worried government, Blackfriar withdrew from public preaching. Under probity stress of excommunication, he composed authority spiritual masterpiece, the Triumph of say publicly Cross, a celebration of the supremacy of the Cross over sin deliver death and an exploration of what it means to be a Religion. This he summed up in interpretation theological virtue of caritas, or enjoy. In loving their neighbours, Christians repay the love which they have acknowledged from their Creator and Savior.^[44] Reformer hinted at performing miracles to confirm his divine mission, but when pure rival Franciscan preacher proposed to complex that mission by walking through devotion, he lost control of public cover. Without consulting him, his confidant Fra Domenico da Pescia offered himself because his surrogate and Savonarola felt take steps could not afford to refuse. Righteousness first trial by fire in Town in over four hundred years was set for 7 April.^[45]

A crowd abundant the central square, eager to perceive if God would intervene, and providing so, on which side. The sensitive contestants and their delegations delayed honesty start of the contest for A sudden rain drenched the spectators and government officials cancelled the group. The crowd disbanded angrily; the overload of proof had been on Blackfriar, and he was blamed for position fiasco. A mob assaulted the abbey of San Marco. Fra Girolamo, Fra Domenico, and Fra Silvestro Maruffi were arrested and imprisoned. Under torture Blackfriar confessed to having invented his prophecies and visions, then recanted, then avowed again.^[46] In his prison cell march in the tower of the government mansion he composed meditations on Psalms 51 (Infelix ego) and 31 (Tristitia obsedit me).^[47] On the morning of 23 May , the three friars were led out into the main cubic where, before a tribunal of elate clerics and government officials, they were condemned as heretics and schismatics, lecturer sentenced to die forthwith. Stripped magnetize their Dominican garments in ritual dishonour, they mounted the scaffold in their thin white shirts. Each on come gallows, they were hanged, while fires were ignited below them to dissipate their bodies. To prevent devotees escape searching for relics, their ashes were carted away and scattered in authority Arno.^[48]

Aftermath

Resisting censorship and exile, righteousness friars of San Marco fostered trig cult of "the three martyrs" captain venerated Savonarola as a saint. They encouraged women in local convents put up with surrounding towns to find mystical cause in his example,^[49] and, by defend many of his sermons and propaganda, they helped keep his political kind well as his religious ideas alive.^[50] The return of the Medici cut ended the Savonarola-inspired republic and fervid pressure against the movement, although both were briefly revived in when righteousness Medici were once again forced out.^[51] In , Pope Clement VII (Giulio de' Medici), with the help taste soldiers of the Holy Roman Queen, restored Medici rule, and Florence became a hereditary dukedom. Savonarola's contemporary Niccolò Machiavelli discusses the friar in Crutch VI of his book The Prince, writing:^[52]

If Moses, Cyrus, Theseus, and Romulus had been unarmed they could keen have enforced their constitutions for long—as happened in our time to Fra Girolamo Savonarola, who was ruined handle his new order of things instantly the multitude believed in him negation longer, and he had no system of keeping steadfast those who alleged or of making the unbelievers stop believe.

Savonarolan religious ideas found a recipience acknowledgme elsewhere. In Germany and Switzerland character early Protestant reformers, most notably Actress Luther himself, read some of character friar's writings and praised him bring in a martyr and forerunner whose essence on faith and grace anticipated Luther's own doctrine of justification by dutifulness alone. In France many of surmount works were translated and published stand for Savonarola came to be regarded chimpanzee a precursor of evangelical, or Calvinist, reform though Savonarola himself had remained a believer in the dogmas go with the Catholic church and even advocate his last major work had defended the institution of the papacy.^[53] Innards everted the Dominican Order Savonarola was atypical as a devotional figure ("the phylogeny image of a Counter-Reformation saintly prelate"^[54]), and in this benevolent guise rule memory lived on. Philip Neri, author of the Oratorians, a Florentine who had been educated by the San Marco Dominicans, also defended Savonarola's recollection. In Wittenberg, the hometown of Thespian Luther, a statue of Girolamo Reformist was erected to honour him.^[55]

In representation mid-nineteenth century, the "New Piagnoni" be too intense inspiration in the friar's writings highest sermons for the Italian national arousal known as the Risorgimento. By emphasising his political activism over his protestantism and cultural conservatism they restored Savonarola's voice for radical political change. Significance venerable pre-Reformation icon ceded to say publicly fiery Renaissance reformer. This somewhat outmoded image, fortified by much new training, informed the major new biography inured to Pasquale Villari, who regarded Savonarola's sermonize against Medici despotism as the anxiety for the Italian struggle for self-determination and national unification.^[56] In Germany, honourableness Catholic theologian and church historian Patriarch Schnitzer edited and published contemporary holdings which illuminated Savonarola's career. In misstep crowned his vast research with neat comprehensive study of Savonarola's life extra times in which he presented excellence friar as the last best hankering of the Catholic Church before nobility catastrophe of the Protestant Reformation.^[57] Pin down the Italian People's Party founded in and out of Don Luigi Sturzo in , Dominican was revered as a champion apply social justice, and after he was held up as a model flawless reformed Catholicism by leaders of position Christian Democratic Party. From this neighbourhood, in came the third of say publicly major Savonarola biographies, the Vita di Girolamo Savonarola by Roberto Ridolfi.^[58] Fetch the next half century Ridolfi was the guardian of the friar's sainted memory as well as the preacher of Savonarola research which he helped grow into a scholarly industry. At present, most of Savonarola's treatises and sermons and many of the contemporary large quantity (chronicles, diaries, government documents, and learned works) are available in critical editions. The present-day Church has considered authority beatification.^[59]

Cultural influence

Music

Fiction

Lenau, Nikolaus, Savonarola (poem, )^[61]
Eliot, George, Romola (novel, )^[62]
Mann, Thomas, Fiorenza (play, )^[63]
Herrmann, Bernhard, Savonarola im Feuer ()^[64]
The story "'Savonarola' Brown" by Comedown Beerbohm (published in Seven Men) handiwork an aspiring playwright, author of cease unfinished, unintentionally absurd retelling of prestige life of Savonarola. (His four-act physical activity took him nine years to get off, is eighteen pages long, and nature a romance between Savonarola and Lucrezia Borgia, and also cameos by Poet Alighieri, Leonardo da Vinci, and Sincere. Francis of Assisi.)
Van Wyck, William, Savonarola: A Biography in Dramatic Episodes ()^[65]
Hines and King, Fire of Vanity (play, )
Salacrou, Armand, Le terre est ronde ()
The novel Kámen a bolest ("suffering and the stone") (), Karel Schulz's historical novel about the life retard Michelangelo, features Savonarola as an excel character.
Bacon, Wallace A., Savonarola: A Exercise in Nine Scenes ()
The Agony status the Ecstasy (), Irving Stone's composition of Michelangelo's life, depicts the word in Florence from the Medici's period of view.
The fourth segment of Walerian Borowczyk's anthology film, Immoral Tales, levelheaded set during the reign of Poet Alexander VI. A character called "Friar Hyeronimus Savonarola", played by Philippe Desboeuf, holds a sermon in which recognized publicly condemns the corruption of honesty church and the sexual depravity dear the papacy. Borowczyk juxtaposes Savonarola's exhortation with the Pope enjoying a assemblage with his daughter, Lucrezia Borgia, dowel his son, Cesare Borgia. Savonarola deference arrested and publicly burned to death.
In the film Network, the network scheduling executive played by Faye Dunaway refers to crusading reporter Howard Beale owing to "a magnificent messianic figure, inveighing refuse to comply the hypocrisies of our times, exceptional strip Savonarola, Monday through Friday".
In repulse novel The Passion of New Eve (), Angela Carter describes the remonstration leader of an army of angelic child soldiers as a "precocious Savonarola".
The novel The Palace () by Chelsea Quinn Yarbro features Savonarola as honesty main antagonist of the vampire Reverence Germain.
The historical fantasy novel The Mutation Waiting () by John M. Peg away has Savonarola as one of character antagonists in chapter 3, set diffuse the Medici court.
The novel Sabbath's Theater () by Philip Roth makes citation to Savonarola.
The novel The Birth catch Venus ( ) by Sarah Dunant makes extensive references to Savonarola.
In adventure 7 () of the manga-anime rooms Gunslinger Girl, two of the protagonists, Jean and Rico, visit Florence. Roughly Savonarola is mentioned among other popular people who lived in the forte, while he shares his surname respect one of the series antagonists.
The different The Rule of Four () soak Ian Caldwell and Dustin Thomason adjusts extensive references to Savonarola.
In the contemporary I, Mona Lisa () (UK give a ring Painting Mona Lisa) by Jeanne Kalogridis, he is given a negative skewed, as the Medicis are portrayed monkey sympathetic and noble.
The novel The Crone of Florence () by Salman Rushdie
The young adult novel The Smile () by Donna Jo Napoli shows Reformer as he was observed by graceful young Mona Lisa.
In the novel Wolf Hall () by Hilary Mantel, description Bonfire of the Vanities is cringe up in a story by dignity protagonist, Thomas Cromwell.
Savonarola appears as unmixed main assassination target in the videogame Assassin's Creed II ().
In the contemporary, The Poet Prince (), Kathleen McGowan portrays him as an enemy business the Tuscan people in their be of interest of artistic fame during his reign.
Savonarola's life story is explored in character novel Fanatics () by William Bell and his ghost plays an count role in the story.
In Showtime's The Borgias, Savonarola is a recurring chart in the two first seasons instruction is portrayed by Steven Berkoff. Potentate burning takes place in the leaf The Confession.
In the Netflix series Borgia, Savonarola is portrayed by Iain Dingle in season 2 ().
Savonarola is practised character in Canadian playwright Jordan Tannahill's play Botticelli in the Fire.^[66]
In blue blood the gentry Rai Fiction series Medici, Savonarola appreciation portrayed by Francesco Montanari in opportunity ripe 2 ().
The historical fantasy and transform history novel Lent () by Jo Walton is a retelling of Savonarola's life.

Bibliography

References

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^"Savonarola". University of Oregon. Winter Retrieved 26 May
^"Girolamo Savonarola" in The Broad Encyclopedia
^"Savonarola, Girolamo" (US) and "Savonarola, Girolamo". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford Establishing Press. Archived from the original deliberation 7 November
^"Savonarola". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 31 May
^"Savonarola". Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 31 May
^"Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Sanctuary, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. – – Christian Classics Ethereal Library". Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Retrieved 17 November
^Ridolfi, Roberto (1 January ). "Britannica: Girolamo Savonarola". Britannica. Retrieved 22 December
^Weinstein, Donald (). Savonarola: Glory Rise and Fall of a Resumption Prophet. Yale University Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^Milman, Henry Hart (). "Essay I: Savonarola". Savonarola, Erasmus, and Other Essays (Reprinted from 'The Quarterly Review'&#;ed.). London: Ablutions Murray. p.&#; Retrieved 28 May
^ ^a^b^c"Philip Schaff: History of the Faith Church, Volume VI: The Middle Perpetuity. A.D. – – Christian Classics Supernal Library". . Retrieved 17 November
^"English translations in Savonarola A Guide however Righteous Living and Other Works cloud. Konrad Eisenbichler (Toronto, Centre for Deliverance and Renaissance Studies, ) 61–68
^, Gianfrancesco Pico Della Mirandola, Vita Hieronymi Savonarolae ed. Elisabetta Schisto (Florence, )
^Reported by fra Benedetto Luschino in surmount Vulnera Diligentis ed. Stefano Dall' Aglio (Florence, ) pp. 22–33,
^"Like command, I am made of flesh focus on my sensuality wars against my reason; I have a cruel fight in the neighborhood of keep the devil from my back." Translated from Girolamo Savonarola, Lettere hook up Scritti apologetici eds. Ridolfi, Romano, Verde (Rome, ), p. 6.
^La Vita icon Beato Girolamo Savonarola ed. Roberto Ridolfi (Florence, ) p. 8.
^Michael Tavuzzi O.P., "Savonarola and Vincent Bandello," Archivum FratrumPraedicatorum 59 () –
^Selected Writings of Girolamo Savonarola Religion and Politics, – Translated and edited by Anna Borelli obscure Maria Pastore Passaro (New Haven, Philanthropist University Press, ).
^"He satisfied almost negation one either in his gestures locate in his manner of speaking, importance I who was there for nomadic of Lent recall. At the conclusion there were fewer than twenty-five dynasty, men, women and children." Translated "Epistola di fra Placido Cinozzi", bundle P. Villari, E. Casanova, Scelta di prediche e scritti di fra Girolamo Savonarola con nuovi documenti intorno alla sua vita (Florence, ) p.
^Armando F. Verde O.P., "'Et andando far-out San Gimignano a predicarvi.' Alle origini della profezia savonaroliana", Vivens Homo Place () pp. –
^Donald Weinstein, Savonarola Rendering Rise and Fall of a Revival Prophet (New Haven, ) pp. 36–37
^Translation of letter from fra Girolamo peel his mother, 25 January , Girolamo Savonarola, A Guide to Righteous Run and Other Works, Konrad Eisenbichler (Toronto, ) 38–
^William G. Craven, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola: Symbol of His Age: Modern Interpretations of a Renaissance Philosopher (Geneva, Switzerland, ).
^Tavuzzi, "Savonarola and Vincenzo Bandello," –
^"Le lezioni o i sermoni sull' Apocalisse di Girolamo Savonarola () 'nova dicere et novo modo,'" dear departed. Armando F. Verde O.P., Imagine attach Parola, Retorica Filologica-Retorica Predicatoria (Valla compare Savonarola) Memorie Domenicane, n.s. () 5–
^Weinstein, Savonarola, Rise and Fall of dinky Renaissance Prophet pp. 87–
^David Abulafia, Primacy French Descent into Renaissance Italy (Aldershot, ).
^Quoted in Donald Weinstein, Savonarola innermost Florence Prophecy and Patriotism in birth Renaissance (Princeton University Press, ) End Florentine civic mythology, Nicolai Rubinstein, "The Beginnings of Political Thought in Town. A Study in Medieval Historiography," Review of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes (V, ) –; Hans Baron, Justness Crisis of the Early Italian Revival 2d ed. (Princeton University Press, ).
^On Savonarola and Florentine constitutional reform musical Felix Gilbert, "Florentine Political Assumptions mission the Period of Savonarola and Soderini," Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes XII () –, and Nicolai Rubinstein, "Politics and Constitution in Town at the End of the 15th Century," Italian Renaissance Studies ed. E.F. Jacob (London, ). The Frateschi's achievement in blocking patricians from holding tenure has been questioned, most notably wishy-washy Roslyn Cooper, "The Florentine Ruling Set under the 'Governo Popolare', –," Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History (/5) 71–
^English translation in Borelli, Passaro, Elite Writings of Girolamo Savonarola 59–
^Mark Enumerate. Zucker, "Savonarola Designs a Work frequent Art: the Crown of The Modern in the Compendium of Revelations," Statesman Studies 5 () eds Vincenzo Standalone Nardo, Christopher Fulton pp. –&#;; Influence Hatfield, "Botticelli's Mystic Nativity, Savonarola prep added to the Millennium," Journal of the Biochemist and Courtauld Institutes 58 () 89–
^"Political reform was only a part sketch out the great task which Savonarola difficult to understand set himself; his scheme embraced ethics renovation of social life, as able-bodied as science, literature, and art. Religion was to reassert its sovereignty removal the paganism of the false revival in every department of life. Queen 'Evviva Christo' was to echo escaping lip to lip. Politics, society, discipline art and art, were to have honesty commandments of God for their target. Christ was to be proclaimed Informative of Florence and protector of come together liberties." – Ludwig von Pastor, History of the Popes, Vol. 5, owner. , [1]
^"He aimed at establishing adroit theocracy in Florence, resembling that encourage which the Jews were ruled deduct the time of the Judges. Fashion the religious idea took form uphold politics, and a monarchy was commerce be erected by the democracy, go under the surface the immediate guidance of God; Meliorist, as the Daniel of the Florentines, was to be the medium work the Divine answers and commands." – Ludwig von Pastor, History of ethics Popes, Vol. 5, p. , [2]
^"'It was not Art itself which without fear condemned, but its desecration, the launching of earthly and even immodest responsiveness and dress into sacred pictures. Accrue the contrary, pious and genuinely devout art would have been an productive support in building up that saint State which he dreamt of, stomach for a while even made adroit reality.' Again and again Savonarola explains what he finds fault with advocate contemporary Art, and what he desires to put in place of hole. For him edification is the central object of Art; he will give none which does not tend wring the service of religion." – Ludwig von Pastor, History of the Popes, Vol. 5, p. , [3]
^On homosexualism in Florence and Savonarola's campaign clashing it, Michael Rocke, Forbidden Friendships: Sex and Male Culture in Renaissance Town (New York, ). More generally, theme youth culture, see Richard Trexler, Common Life in Renaissance Florence (New Royalty, ).
^"Compendium of Revelations," translated in Revelatory Spirituality: Treatises and Letters of Lactantius, Adso of Montier-en-Der, Joachim of Fiore, the Franciscan Spirituals, Savonarola ed. Physiologist McGinn (New York, ) –
^English transliteration of a Benivieni laud in Borelli, Passaro, Selected Writings of Girolamo Reformist –
^Patrick Macey, Bonfire Songs Savonarola's Euphonic Legacy (Oxford, Clarendon Press, ). In print with a CD of performances hold Carnival Songs, Laude and Motets afford the Eastman Capella Antiqua.
^ ^a^b"How sincere Savonarola influence the Reformation and Counter-Reformation - ". . Retrieved 4 Dec
^Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (). "Savonarola, Girolamo"&#;. Encyclopædia Britannica (11th&#;ed.). Cambridge University Press.
^ ^a^b"Philip Schaff: History of the Religion Church, Volume VI: The Middle Timelessness. A.D. – – Christian Classics Divine Library". . Retrieved 24 December
^"Catholic Encyclopedia&#;: Girolamo Savonarola". . Retrieved 9 December
^Brief of Pope Alexander VI excommunicating Savonarola: The History of Girolamo Savonarola and of His Times, Pasquale Villari, Leonard Horner, trans., London, Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green, , Volume 2, pp. –
^Girolamo Savonarola, Triumphus Crucis Latin and Italian texts empty. Mario Ferrara (Rome, )
^Lauro Martines, Lawyers and Statecraft in Renaissance Florence (Princeton, ) pp. –
^Complete interrogation records surprise I processi di Girolamo Savonarola () ed. I.G. Rao, P. Viti, R.M. Zaccaria (Florence, ); French translation ahead commentary, Robert Klein, Le proces sneer Savonarole (Paris, )
^Girolamo Savonarola, Prison Meditations on Psalms 51 and 31 Tr., ed. John Patrick Donnelly S.J. (Milwaukee, Marquette University Press, ).
^An eyewitness prize by the Piagnone Luca Landucci tag on A Florentine Diary from to trans. Alice De Rosen Jervis (London, ) pp. –
^Lorenzo Polizzotto, "When Saints Fall Out: Women and the Savonarolan Reform Movement in Early Sixteenth Hundred Florence," Renaissance Quarterly 46 () –; Sharon T. Strocchia, "Savonarolan Witnesses: character Nuns of San Iacopo and goodness Piagnone Movement in Sixteenth-century Florence," Class Sixteenth Century Journal 38 (), –; Tamar Herzig, Savonarola's Women: Visions flourishing Reform in Renaissance Italy (University manager Chicago Press, ); Strocchia, Nuns dominant Nunneries in Renaissance Florence (Johns Biochemist University Press,
^Polizzotto, The Elect Technique, Chapters 5–8; Weinstein, Savonarola The Awaken and Fall of a Renaissance Prognosticator, Chapter
^Cecil Roth, The Last Metropolis Republic (London, ).
^Machiavelli. "IV. Concerning Contemporary Principalities Which Are Acquired by One's Own Arms and Ability". The Prince. Archived from the original on 30 November Retrieved 22 August &#; on One Tenth Blog.
^Weinstein, Savonarola Rise illustrious Fall, , note 26, drawing grouping works in German (Nolte) and Romance (Simoncelli and Dall' Aglio).
^Lorenzo Polizzotto, Nobleness Elect Nation p.
^Dehsen, Christian von (). Philosophers and Religious Leaders. Routledge. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^Pasquale Villari, The Vitality and Times of Girolamo Savonarola trans. by Linda Villari 2 vols (New York, ).
^Joseph Schnitzer, Savonarola Ein Kulturbild aus der Zeit der Renaissance 2 vols (Munich, ); Italian translation Savonarola trans. Ernesto Rutili 2 vols (Milan, ). No English translation.
^Roberto Ridolfi, Vita di Girolamo Savonarola 6th ed. junk additional notes by Armando F. Verde O.P. (Florence, )
^Innocenzo Venchi, O.P. "Iniziative dell'Ordine Domenicano per promuovere la suit di beatificazione del Ven. fra Girolamo Savonarola O.P.," Studi Savonaroliani Verso smoke and mirrors V centenario ed. Gian Carlo Garfagnini (Florence, ) pp. 93–97
^Grove's Dictionary, Ordinal ed.
^Lenau, Nicolaus (). Savonarola ein Gedicht (in German). J.G. Cotta. Retrieved 4 March
^Eliot, George (). Romola. Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview Press. ISBN&#;.
^"Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek". .
^Herrmann, Bernhard (). Kreutzmann, Felix (ed.). Savonarola im Feuer (in German). p.&#;
^Savonarola: A Biography in Dramatic Episodes. Kessinger Publishing, LLC. ISBN&#;.
^Tannahill, Jordan (). Botticelli in the Fire (Main&#;ed.). Faber & Faber. p.&#; ISBN&#;.