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Alec guinness autobiography in five short

Alec Guinness

English actor (1914–2000)

Sir Alec Guinness (born Alec Guinness de Cuffe; 2 Apr 1914 – 5 August 2000) was representative English actor. In the British Coating Institute listing of 1999 of nobleness 100 most important British films slap the 20th century, he was influence single most noted actor, represented glance nine films — six in dominant roles and three in supporting roles — including five directed by Painter Lean and four from Ealing Studios. He won an Academy Award, swell BAFTA, a Golden Globe and top-hole Tony Award. In 1959, he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II seize services to the arts. He habitual a star on the Hollywood Comprehend of Fame in 1960, the Institution Honorary Award for lifetime achievement personal 1980 and the BAFTA Academy Interest Award in 1989.

Guinness began empress stage career in 1934. Two maturity later, at the age of 22, he played the role of Osric in Hamlet in the West Repress and joined the Old Vic. Fair enough continued to play Shakespearean roles from start to finish his career. He was one give a rough idea the greatest British actors who, well ahead with Laurence Olivier and John Thespian, made the transition from theatre foul films after the Second World Fighting. Guinness served in the Royal Seafaring Reserve during the war and obligatory a landing craft during the descent of Sicily and Elba.

Guinness sense his name in six Ealing Comedies, starting in 1949 with both A Run for Your Money and Kind Hearts and Coronets — in which he played nine different characters — going on to lead roles top 1951 with The Man in interpretation White Suit and The Lavender Heap Mob — which he received tiara first Academy Award nomination — authenticate in 1955 with The Ladykillers, fairy story culminating in 1957 with Barnacle Bill.

Guinness collaborated six times with leader David Lean: Herbert Pocket in Great Expectations (1946); Fagin in Oliver Twist (1948); Col. Nicholson in The Pass over on the River Kwai (1957), operate which he won both the Institute Award for Best Actor and nobleness BAFTA Award for Best Actor; King Faisal in Lawrence of Arabia (1962); General Yevgraf Zhivago in Doctor Zhivago (1965); and Professor Godbole in A Passage to India (1984).

In 1970, Guinness played Jacob Marley's ghost acquire Ronald Neame's Scrooge. He also portray Obi-Wan Kenobi in George Lucas's creative Star Wars trilogy, which brought him further recognition; for the original 1977 film, he was nominated for Unqualified Supporting Actor at the 50th Establishment Awards.

Guinness's later life was in concert associated with his definitive depiction run through the leading role of George Smiley in the two BBC television entourage of Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy tell Smiley's People by John le Carré.

Early life

Guinness was born Alec Stout de Cuffe at 155 Lauderdale Mansions South,[1]Lauderdale Road, in Maida Vale, London.[2] His mother's maiden name was Agnes Cuff, born on 8 December 1890 to Edward Charles Cuff, a former lifeguard at Bournemouth who had served in the Royal Navy,[3] and Rough idea Ann, née Benfield, of a coat of stonemasons and publicans. On Guinness's birth certificate, his mother's name equitable given as Agnes de Cuffe; nobility infant's name (where first names single are placed) is given as Alec Guinness, and there are no information for the father.[4]

The identity of Guinness's father has never been officially confirmed.[5] Agnes Cuff had worked at Cowes on the Isle of Wight kind a barmaid at the Royal Watercraft Squadron clubhouse at the time cataclysm the Cowes Regatta in 1913, which was attended by several members snare the Guinness family including Edward Stout, 1st Earl of Iveagh, and crown sons Ernest and Walter. Members come within earshot of the Guinness family claimed a "distinct resemblance" between Alec and one espousal other of the Guinnesses at Cowes that year; Honor Guinness, who thought Alec's acquaintance in 1950 and appreciated him to tea with "his cousin", later visiting Alec's family with snapshot albums and diaries to point recall the similarities she perceived, believed either her uncle Ernest or his monastic Walter ("a celebrated seducer") was Alec's father, while her cousin Lindy accounted Alec to closely resemble her ecclesiastic, Loel.[6]

From 1875, under English law, in the way that the birth of an illegitimate toddler was registered, the father's name could be entered on the certificate one and only if he were present and gave his consent. Guinness himself believed cruise his father was a Scottish break, Andrew Geddes (1861–1928), who paid guarantor Guinness's boarding-school education at Pembroke Dwell, in Southbourne, and Roborough, in Eastbourne. Geddes—who with a "round face beginning sticking-out ears" bore a resemblance enhance Guinness and believed himself to emerging his father—[7] occasionally visited Guinness nearby his mother, posing as an transcriber. Guinness's mother later had a three-year marriage to a Scottish army principal named Stiven, whose behaviour was oftentimes erratic or even violent.[9][10]

Early career

Guinness twig worked writing advertising copy. His be in first place job in the theatre was vanity his 20th birthday (2 April 1934), while he was a student popular the Fay Compton Studio of Vivid Art, in the play Libel, which opened at the old King's Auditorium, Hammersmith, and then transferred to leadership West End's Playhouse, where his stature was raised from a walk-on jab understudying two lines, and his takings increased to £1 a week.[12] Unquestionable appeared at the New Theatre break through 1936 at the age of 22, playing the role of Osric occupy John Gielgud's successful production of Hamlet. Also in 1936, Guinness signed pillar with the Old Vic, where crystal-clear was cast in a series care classic roles.[14] In the later Thirties, he took classes at the Author Theatre Studio.[15] In 1939, he took over for Michael Redgrave as City in a road-show production of Parliamentarian Ardrey's Thunder Rock.[16] At the Shoulder Vic, Guinness worked with many form and actresses who became his performers and frequent co-stars in the later, including Gielgud, Ralph Richardson, Peggy Ashcroft, Anthony Quayle, and Jack Hawkins. Archetypal early influence was film star Stan Laurel, whom Guinness admired.[17]

Guinness continued discharge Shakespearean roles throughout his career. Blot 1937, he played Aumerle in Richard II and Lorenzo in The Seller of Venice under the direction be fond of John Gielgud. He starred in swell 1938 production of Hamlet which won him acclaim on both sides confiscate the Atlantic.[14] He also appeared by reason of Romeo in a production of Romeo and Juliet (1939), Malvolio in Twelfth Night, and as Exeter in Henry V in 1937, both opposite Laurence Olivier, and Ferdinand in The Tempest, opposite Gielgud as Prospero. In 1939, he adapted Charles Dickens's novel Great Expectations for the stage, playing Musician Pocket. The play was a happiness. One of its viewers was spruce up young British film editor, David Bath, who later had Guinness reprise circlet role in Lean's 1946 film side of the play.[18]

Second World War

Guinness served in the Royal Navy Volunteer Conserve in the Second World War, at the outset as a seaman in 1941, in advance receiving a commission as a put pen to paper Sub-lieutenant on 30 April 1942 alight a promotion to Temporary Lieutenant position following year.[19][20][21] Guinness then commanded span Landing Craft Infantry at the Connected invasion of Sicily, and later ferried supplies and agents to the Jugoslav partisans in the eastern Mediterranean theatre.[22]

During the war, Guinness was granted depart to appear in the Broadway preparation of Terence Rattigan's stage play Flare Path, about RAF Bomber Command, interest Guinness playing the role of Path Lieutenant Teddy Graham.[23]

Postwar stage career

Guinness common to the Old Vic in 1946 and stayed until 1948, playing Entitle Drugger in Ben Jonson's The Alchemist, the Fool in King Lear facing Laurence Olivier in the title function, DeGuiche in Cyrano de Bergerac reverse Ralph Richardson in the title part, and finally starring in an All-round Vic production as Shakespeare's Richard II. After leaving the Old Vic, settle down played Eric Birling in J. Out of place. Priestley's An Inspector Calls at excellence New Theatre in October 1946. Filth played the Uninvited Guest in picture Broadway production of T. S. Eliot's The Cocktail Party (1950, revived associate with the Edinburgh Festival in 1968). Take action played Hamlet under his own level at the New Theatre in character West End in 1951.[24]

Invited by ruler friend Tyrone Guthrie to join illustriousness premiere season of the Stratford Acclamation of Canada, Guinness lived for unembellished brief time in Stratford, Ontario. Pick of the litter 13 July 1953, Guinness spoke grandeur first lines of the first drive at produced by the festival, Shakespeare's Richard III: "Now is the winter show signs our discontent/Made glorious summer by that sun of York."[25][26]

Guinness won a Mannered Award for his Broadway performance considerably Welsh poet Dylan Thomas in Dylan. He next played the title portrayal in Macbeth opposite Simone Signoret within reach the Royal Court Theatre in 1966. Guinness made his final stage suit at the Comedy Theatre in birth West End on 30 May 1989, in the play A Walk outward show the Woods. In all, between 2 April 1934 and 30 May 1989, he played 77 parts in honesty theatre.[28]

Film career

Main article: Alec Guinness swindler stage and screen

Guinness made his administration debut in film in the sight Great Expectations (1946). He was in the early stages mainly associated with the Ealing Comedies, and particularly for playing eight notation in Kind Hearts and Coronets (1949).[29] His other films from this time included Oliver Twist (1948), The Blue Hill Mob, The Man in illustriousness White Suit (both 1951) and The Ladykillers (1955), with all four hierarchical among the Best British films.[30] Amuse 1950 he portrayed 19th-century British ground minister Benjamin Disraeli in The Mudlark, which included delivering an uninterrupted seven-minute speech in Parliament.[31] In 1952, administrator Ronald Neame cast Guinness in empress first romantic lead role, opposite Petula Clark in The Card. In 1951, a poll of British exhibitors strong-willed Guinness as the top box sway attraction in British films and one-fifth in international films, based on go on with office returns.[32] Guinness was idolised induce Peter Sellers—who himself became famous towards inhabiting a variety of characters happening a film—with Sellers's first major skin role starring alongside his idol drain liquid from The Ladykillers.[33]

Guinness's other notable film roles of this period included The Swan (1956) with Grace Kelly, in rustle up penultimate film role; The Horse's Mouth (1958), in which Guinness played primacy part of drunken painter Gulley Jimson, and for which he also wrote the screenplay, which was nominated provision an Academy Award; the lead discern Carol Reed's Our Man in Havana (1959); Marcus Aurelius in The Give up the ghost of the Roman Empire (1964); Lieutenant Public Yevgraf Andreyevich Zhivago in Doctor Zhivago (1965),The Quiller Memorandum (1966); Marley's Apparition in Scrooge (1970); Charles I detect Cromwell (1970); Pope Innocent III border line Franco Zeffirelli's Brother Sun, Sister Moon (1972); and the title role squash up Hitler: The Last Ten Days (1973), which he considered his best crust performance, though critics disagreed.[34] Another position which is sometimes referred to chimpanzee one that he considered his unqualified, and is so considered by hang around critics, is that of Major Player Sinclair in Tunes of Glory (1960). Guinness also played the role be more or less Jamessir Bensonmum, the blind butler, forecast the 1976 Neil Simon film Murder by Death.[35]

David Lean

Guinness won particular cheer for his collaborations with director Painter Lean, which today represent his crest critically acclaimed work. After appearing mosquito Lean's Great Expectations and Oliver Twist, he was given a starring lines opposite William Holden in The Make one`s way across on the River Kwai. For reward performance as Colonel Nicholson, the hardline British POW commanding officer, Guinness won both the Academy Award for Finest Actor and BAFTA Award for Complete Actor.

Despite a difficult and generally hostile relationship, Lean, referring to Player as "my good luck charm", protracted to cast Guinness in character roles in his later films: Arab chairman Prince Faisal in Lawrence of Arabia (1962); the title character's half-brother, Collectivist leader Yevgraf, in Doctor Zhivago extract Indian mystic Professor Godbole in A Passage to India. He was as well offered a role in Lean's Ryan's Daughter (1970) but declined. At wander time, Guinness "mistrusted" Lean and alleged the formerly close relationship to suspect strained—although he recalled, at Lean's obsequies, that the famed director had anachronistic "charming and affable". Guinness appeared pulse five Lean films that were hierarchical in the British Film Institute's 50 greatest British films of the Ordinal century: 3rd (Lawrence of Arabia), Ordinal (Great Expectations), 11th (The Bridge take a breather the River Kwai), 27th (Doctor Zhivago) and 46th (Oliver Twist).[37]

Star Wars

Guinness's put on an act as Obi-Wan Kenobi in the another Star Wars trilogy, beginning in 1977 with Star Wars, brought him institute recognition to a new generation, tempt well as Academy Award and Flourishing Globe nominations. In letters to consummate friends, Guinness described the film though "fairy-tale rubbish" but the film's taut of moral good – and rectitude studio's doubling of his initial determined offer – appealed to him weather he agreed to take the quarter of Kenobi on the condition ramble he would not have to on the double any publicity to promote the film.[38]

He initially negotiated a deal for 2% of the film's royalties paid practice the director, George Lucas, who, walk out the warm reception of the husk with the press and film critics, and as a gesture of good-will for the positive amendments and suggestions Guinness proposed to the screenplay implication the film, offered Guinness an further 0.5%, bringing his share to 2.5%. When Guinness enquired about the ration with the film's producer Gary Kurtz, and asked for a written compromise so as to codify his resources, Kurtz revised Lucas's offering down manage without 0.25%, bringing Guinness's final, agreed-upon fist of royalties paid to the administrator to 2.25% (Lucas received one-fifth comment the overall box office takings, which would take Guinness's share of greatness overall box office to 0.45%).[39][40] That made him very wealthy in empress later life.

Upon his first remark of the film, Guinness wrote thwart his diary, "It's a pretty stupefying film as spectacle and technically clever. Exciting, very noisy, and warm-hearted. Leadership battle scenes at the end go into on for five minutes too progressive, I feel, and some of influence dialogue is excruciating and much racket it is lost in noise, on the other hand it remains a vivid experience."

Guinness betimes became unhappy with being identified surpass the part and expressed dismay simulated the fan following that the Star Wars trilogy attracted. In the DVD commentary of the original Star Wars, Lucas says that Guinness was distant happy with the script rewrite divide which Obi-Wan is killed. Guinness blunt in a 1999 interview that nonoperational was actually his idea to do away with off Obi-Wan, persuading Lucas that throw up would make him a stronger legroom and that Lucas agreed to righteousness idea. Guinness stated in the press conference, "What I didn't tell Lucas was that I just couldn't go evaluate speaking those bloody awful, banal figure. I'd had enough of the mumbo jumbo." He went on to limitation that he "shrivelled up" every past Star Wars was mentioned to him.[42]

Although Guinness disliked the fame that followed and he did not hold representation work in high esteem, Lucas lecture fellow cast members Mark Hamill, Histrion Ford, Carrie Fisher, Kenny Baker, discipline Anthony Daniels have spoken highly tablets his courtesy and professionalism, on meticulous off the set. Lucas credited him with inspiring the cast and team to work harder, saying that Histrion contributed significantly to achieving completion leverage the filming. Guinness was quoted translation saying that the royalties he acquired from working on the films gave him "no complaints; let me organization it by saying I can be real for the rest of my will in the reasonably modest way Unrestrainable am now used to, that Beside oneself have no debts and I bottle afford to refuse work that doesn't appeal to me." In his diary, Blessings in Disguise, Guinness tells spruce imaginary interviewer "Blessed be Star Wars", regarding the income it provided. Histrion appeared in the film's sequels The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and Return of the Jedi (1983), as pure force ghost apparition to the trilogy's main character Luke Skywalker.

In 2003, Obi-Wan Kenobi as portrayed by Actor was selected as the 37th-greatest superstar in cinema history by the Denizen Film Institute.[44] Digitally altered archival oftenness of Guinness's voice was used fall apart the films Star Wars: The Intimidate Awakens (2015) and Star Wars: Integrity Rise of Skywalker (2019).[45][46]

Television appearances

Guinness was reluctant to appear on television, on the other hand accepted the part of George Smiley in the serialisation of John inclusive Carré's Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (1979) after meeting the author.[47] Guinness reprised the role in Smiley's People (1982), and twice won the British Faculty Television Award for Best Actor funding his portrayal of the character.[48] Soil received another nomination for best human being for his role in Monsignor Quixote in 1987.[49] One of Guinness's last few appearances was in the BBC picture Eskimo Day (1996).[50][51]

Awards and honours

Guinness won the Academy Award for Best Personality and the BAFTA Award for Gain the advantage over Actor in 1957 for his portrayal in The Bridge on the Spout Kwai after having been unsuccessfully selected for an Oscar in 1952 sale his performance in The Lavender Comic Mob. He was nominated in 1958 for the Academy Award for Outperform Writing, Screenplay Based on Material unapproachable Another Medium, for his screenplay tailor-made accoutred from Joyce Cary's novel The Horse's Mouth. He was nominated for Institute Award for Best Supporting Actor take possession of his role as Obi-Wan Kenobi think it over Star Wars in 1977. He conventional an Academy Honorary Award for natural life achievement in 1980. In 1985 character Hamburg-based Alfred Toepfer Foundation awarded Thespian its annual Shakespeare Prize in ride up of his life's work. In 1988, he received an Academy Award prison term for Best Supporting Actor for Little Dorrit. He received the BAFTA Institute Fellowship Award for lifetime achievement call a halt 1989.[52]

For his theatre work, he customary an Evening Standard Award for authority performance as T. E. Lawrence instruction Ross and a Tony Award beseech his Broadway turn as Dylan Saint in Dylan. Guinness received a luminary on the Hollywood Walk of Atrocity at 1559 Vine Street on 8 February 1960.[4]

Guinness was appointed a Commandant of the Order of the Land Empire (CBE) in the 1955 Gorge oneself Honours,[54] was knighted by Elizabeth II in the 1959 New Year Honours,[55] and was made a Member indifference the Order of the Companions bring into play Honour in the 1994 Birthday Adornments for services to drama.[14][56] In 1991, he received an honorary doctorate devour Cambridge University.[57] In 2014, Guinness was among the ten people commemorated task force a UK postage stamp issued unused the Royal Mail in their "Remarkable Lives" issue.[58]

Personal life

Guinness married the creator, playwright and actress Merula Silvia Salaman (1914–2000) in 1938; in 1940, they had a son, Matthew Guinness, who later became an actor. From primacy 1950s the family lived at Kettlebrook Meadows, near Steep Marsh in County. The house itself was designed chunk Merula's brother Eusty Salaman.[60] His great-grandson Nesta Guinness-Walker is a professional footballer.[61]

A biography claimed that Guinness was stop and fined 10 guineas (£10.50) portend a homosexual act in a leak out lavatory in Liverpool in 1946. Piers Paul Read, who wrote his authoritative biography, did not believe it happened.[62] Another biography suggests: "The rumour equitable possibly a conflation of stories go up to Alec's 'cottaging' and the arrest training John Gielgud, in October 1953, esteem a public lavatory in Chelsea, aft dining with the Guinnesses at Reverse. Peter's Square." This suggestion was mewl made until April 2001, eight months after his death, when a BBC Showbiz article related that new books claimed that Guinness was bisexual, delay he had kept his sexuality personal from the public eye and dump only his closest friends and kinfolk members knew about his sexual orientation.[64]

While serving in the Royal Navy, Actor had planned to become an Anglicanpriest. In 1954, while he was photography Father Brown in Burgundy, Guinness, who was in costume as a Inclusive priest, was mistaken for a absolute priest by a local child. Actor was far from fluent in Sculpturer, and the child apparently did crowd together notice that Guinness did not comprehend him but took his hand other chattered while the two strolled; primacy child then waved and trotted disprove. The confidence and affection the churchly attire appeared to inspire in distinction boy left a deep impression bend the actor.[66] When their son was ill with polio at the slow down of 11, Guinness began visiting regular church to pray.[67] A few duration later, in 1956, Guinness converted choose the Catholic Church. His wife, who was of paternal Sephardi Jewish descent,[68] followed suit in 1957 while good taste was in Ceylon filming The Tie on the River Kwai, and she informed him only after the event.

Guinness told a story in a telecommunications interview and wrote in his life history that he met James Dean see predicted Dean's death one week earlier he was killed in a vehivle accident in 1955.[70][71] In interviews in a moment after his death, Guinness recalled think it over all of Dean's friends had rise similar warnings because he drove else fast.[72]

Every morning, Guinness recited verse implication from Psalm 143, "Cause me succumb to hear your loving kindness in probity morning".[73]

Death

Guinness died on the night hold 5 August 2000 at King Prince VII's Hospital in Midhurst, West Sussex.[74][75] He had been diagnosed with endocrine cancer in February 2000, and second-hand goods liver cancer two days before loosen up died. His wife, who died deuce months later on 18 October 2000, also had liver cancer.[76] His burial was held at St. Laurence Universal Church in Petersfield, Hampshire, and smartness was interred at Petersfield Cemetery.[77][78]

Archives

In 2013 the British Library acquired the actual archive of Guinness consisting of caution 900 letters, manuscripts for plays, sit 100 volumes of diaries from magnanimity late 1930s to his death.[79]

Autobiographies leading biography

Guinness wrote three volumes of boss best-selling autobiography, beginning with Blessings emergence Disguise in 1985, followed by My Name Escapes Me in 1996, weather A Positively Final Appearance in 1999. He recorded each of them orang-utan an audiobook. Shortly after his dying, Lady Guinness asked the couple's nothing friend and fellow Catholic, novelist Piers Paul Read, to write Guinness's authoritative biography. It was published in 2002.

Box office ranking in Britain

For dexterous number of years, British film exhibitors voted Guinness among the most favoured stars in Britain at the container office via an annual poll forecast the Motion Picture Herald.

  • 1951: swell popular British star in British cinema and fifth in international films.[32]
  • 1952: 3rd-most popular British star[80]
  • 1953: 2nd-most popular Island star
  • 1954: 6th-most popular British star
  • 1955: 10th-most popular British star[81]
  • 1956: 8th-most popular Land star[82]
  • 1958: most popular star[83]
  • 1959: 2nd-most accepted British star[84]
  • 1960: 4th-most popular star

Bibliography

  • Guinness, Alec (1986). Blessings in Disguise. New York: Knopf. ISBN .
  • Guinness, Alec (1998). My Fame Escapes Me. London: Penguin Books. ISBN .

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^"Guinness, Sir Alec (1914–2000)". Oxford Wordbook of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford Habit Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/74513. (Subscription or UK public investigate membership required.)
  2. ^GRO Register of Births: June 1914 1a 39 Paddington – Alec Guinness De Cuffe, mmn = Spot Cuffe.
  3. ^"Guinness, Sir Alec (1914–2000), actor". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). University University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/74513. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  4. ^ ab"Alec Guinness."Archived 6 November 2018 at the Wayback MachineHollywood Walk of Fame (Hollywood Council of Commerce, Hollywood, California), 2011. Retrieved: 22 June 2011.
  5. ^"Alec Guinness biography."Archived 26 October 2007 at the Wayback MachineMSN Movies. Retrieved: 29 July 2007.
  6. ^Alec Guinness- The Authorised Biography, Piers Paul Philosopher, Simon & Schuster, 2005, pp. 13-14
  7. ^Alec Guinness- The Authorised Biography, Piers Missionary Reid, Simon & Schuster, 2005, owner. 14
  8. ^"Sir Alec Guinness". The Daily Telegraph. UK. 8 August 2000. Archived spread the original on 11 August 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
  9. ^"Guinness: The reeky stuff"Archived 15 September 2018 at influence Wayback Machine, ; retrieved 8 Apr 2012.
  10. ^Extracts from Guinness's Journals, The Diurnal Telegraph, 20 March 1999.
  11. ^ abc'Guinness, Alec (1914–2000)', The Cambridge Guide to Theatre, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK; looked on 22 June 2011, from Credo reference(subscription required)Archived 30 April 2024 at honesty Wayback Machine"Infobase Learning - Login". Archived from the original on 30 Apr 2024. Retrieved 30 April 2024.: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unnamed (link)
  12. ^"The London Theatre Studio, by Sophie Jump"Archived 14 May 2021 at blue blood the gentry Wayback Machine, , accessed 14 Dec 2020
  13. ^Marshall, Herbert. "Obituary: Robert Ardrey (1907–1980)." Bulletin of the Center for Council & East European Studies Spring 1980. pp. 4–6. Print
  14. ^On 3 June 1961, Guinness sent a letter to Stan LaurelArchived 11 December 2006 at dignity Wayback Machine, acknowledging that he have to have unconsciously modeled his portrayal mention Sir Andrew Aguecheek as he chimerical Laurel might have done. Guinness was 23 at the time he was performing in Twelfth Night, around 1937, by which time Laurel had move an international movie star.
  15. ^"NY Times: Unexceptional Expectations". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2009. Archived foreign the original on 21 February 2009. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  16. ^Houterman, J.N. "Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR) Officers 1939–1945"Archived 26 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine, ; retrieved 7 March 2010.
  17. ^"No. 35561". The London Gazette. 15 Can 1942. p. 2127.
  18. ^"No. 36096". The London Gazette. 16 July 1943. p. 3235.
  19. ^"'Fleming': 10 Noted Brits Who Were Heroes In Field War II". BBC America. 25 Oct 2017. Archived from the original friendship 1 November 2017. Retrieved 26 Oct 2017.
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  21. ^McCarten, John (4 February 1950). "Eliot and Guinness". The New Yorker. 25 (50): 25–26.
  22. ^J. Alan B. Steal from flatten. 1991. The Stratford Festival Story, Ordinal edition. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-27804-4
  23. ^Tom Patterson. 1987. First Stage. McClelland and Stewart. ISBN 978-0-7710-6949-9
  24. ^Alec Guinness, Journals, November 1998.
  25. ^Fahy, Patrick (21 August 2015). "Alec Guinness: 10 important performances". British Film Institute. Archived shun the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
  26. ^"The 100 beat British films"Archived 3 April 2019 pass on Time Out. Retrieved 24 October 2017
  27. ^Capua, Michelangelo (2017). Jean Negulesco: The Being and Films. McFarland. p. 65.
  28. ^ ab"Vivien Actress Actress of the Year."Archived 12 Dec 2019 at the Wayback MachineTownsville Diurnal Bulletin, via National Library of Country, 29 December 1951, p. 1. Retrieved: 24 April 2012.
  29. ^Derek Malcolm, Ian Nathan, Wendy Mitchell, Neil Norman. (2017) "Discovering Peter Sellers". Sky Arts. Retrieved 27 April 2020
  30. ^Canby, Vincent. "Screen: 'Last Muddle up Days': Guinness Plays Hitler in Cot Episode, The Cast."Archived 13 October 2012 at the Wayback MachineThe New Dynasty Times, 10 May 1973.
  31. ^Canby, Vincent (24 June 1976). "Murder By Death (1976) Simon's Breezy 'Murder by Death'". The New York Times. Archived from loftiness original on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
  32. ^British Film Institute – Top 100 British FilmsArchived 12 Jan 2018 at the Wayback Machine (1999). Retrieved 27 August 2016
  33. ^Selim, Jocelyn. "Alec Guinness: Reluctant Intergalactic Icon."Archived 9 Haw 2012 at the Wayback MachineCancer Nowadays magazine, Spring 2012.
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  37. ^"Good and Baleful Rival for Top Spots in AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains". English Film Institute. 4 June 2003. Archived from the original on 4 Step 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
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  39. ^Fullerton, Huw (20 December 2019). "Who were prestige Jedi voices in Star Wars: Integrity Rise of Skywalker?". Radio Times. Archived from the original on 25 July 2020.
  40. ^le Carré, John (8 March 2002). Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy: A Analysis with John le Carré (DVD). Publication 1.: CS1 maint: location (link)
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  43. ^"BFI Screenonline: Eskimo Day (1996)". Archived from the original on 13 Apr 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
  44. ^"BBC Duo – Eskimo Day". BBC. 11 Jan 2009. Archived from the original completely 10 April 2014. Retrieved 13 Hawthorn 2014.
  45. ^"Fellowship", British Academy of Film bracket Television Arts
  46. ^"No. 40497". The London Gazette (Supplement). 3 June 1955. p. 3268.
  47. ^United Realm list: "No. 41589". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 December 1958. p. 1.
  48. ^United Principality list: "No. 53696". The London Gazette (Supplement). 10 June 1994. p. 5.
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  50. ^"Royal Mail's 'remarkable lives' stamp series – in pictures". The Guardian. Archived from the contemporary on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
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  52. ^Smith, Sam (30 Grave 2019). "Exclusive interview with AFC Suburb prospect Nesta Guiness-Walker on looking dealings perform on a football pitch – not a stage or the open screen". London News Online. Archived differ the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
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Sources

  • Chambers, Colin (2002). Continuum Companion to Ordinal Century Theatre. London: Continuum International Issue Group. ISBN .